TRAIN TECHNOLOGY:
HISTORY, TYPE, AND DEVELOPMENT
TRAINS
Modern
train transportation equipment began to develop along with the development of
the industrial revolution, expansion, and movement from one place to another.
The new train has been used massively since 200 years ago. However, his
discovery occurred long before all of that. Simple trains as a means of
transportation have been used around 2000 years ago by people in ancient
Egyptian, Babylonian and Greek civilizations. At that time, transportation
equipment to carry passengers and goods was still carried out using carts
pulled by animals (usually horses or cattle). Along with the development, the
experts began to create a round wheel shape to reduce the load during lifting,
when the wheels were made of wood. To activate a new way of transportation,
they then built a road. Archeological remains of this development can still be
found in Italy and Greece. One of the most famous examples is the ancient stone
carved "wagonways" that can be found at the Isthmus from Corinth,
Greece.
Train history
In
the 18th century, every mine in England had its own simple railroad network,
with horses as towing carts from the mine to the factory. The change came back
in 1774 after James Watt introduced the discovery of his first stationary steam
engine to the world. Later in the 1800s several steam engine experts succeeded
in modifying the Watt engine steam engine, by designing a non-condensing
high-pressure chamber that allowed the engine to convert more steam energy into
mechanical energy.
The
first steam engine began operating along the primitive rail in 1804. Saait's
Matthew Murray managed to display the first simple locomotive, but the public's
attention was more focused on Richard Trevithick who succeeded in creating
"Penydarren", a locomotive that pulled a load equivalent to 25 tons
and 70 person. The train was used commercially in the late 1820s, George
Stephenson, a British national at the time, won the competition by designing
his steam locomotive. Since then, steam locomotives have spread rapidly to
America.
In
the first decade of the spread of steam locomotives, engineers in London began
planning to build intercity railways and underground tunnels. The first part of
the project is now known as the "London Underground" which was built
in 1863. Despite receiving many complaints because of smoke in the tunnels, the
construction of this railroad continued until 1890. The heyday of the steam
train ended when the entire train fleet began to use engines electricity. The
use of electric trains marked the beginning of a new era of percapital systems
through rapid urban transit, and underground roads began to appear throughout
the world.
Another
thing that is very important in the history of the train is the introduction of
the Diesel engine, which also carried steam locomotives for closing age. After
World War 2, the majority of countries in the world began to leave steam
locomotives and switch to more reliable diesel-fueled engines. Diesel engines
combined with electric ones make it possible to create the world's second best
train, after an electric train. Now trains are carrying more than 40% of goods
worldwide and distributing them between cities, countries and continents.
Steam locomotive
Train Development
Modes
of modern railway transportation are beginning to develop along with the
development of the industrial revolution and the rapid advancement of
technology in the world. The train has been used as mass transit since 200
years ago. But the discovery was long before this happened.
The
development of railways is like any other transportation, which begins with the
discovery of wheels, from horse-drawn carriages consisting of a series of
trains, then made by horse-drawn carriages that draw more than one series and
walk on a track made of iron or rails. Then after James Watt invented the steam
engine, Nicholas Cugnot made a three-wheeled vehicle with steam. People call it
the iron horse. Then Richard Trevithick made the locomotive engine to make a
locomotive engine that was coupled with the train. George Stephenson perfected
the locomotive that won the locomotive race race and was used on the
Liverpool-Manchester line, at that time the steam locomotive was used to
construct grasshoppers.
Then
improvements were made to improve locomotives that were more effective and able
to attract more trains. George Stephenson works for a coal mining company that
originally only helped his father. Gradually he later became the head of the
steam engine. While working, he began to learn to read by taking classes at
night. George Stephenson then read a lot about books, until one day he was
asked to help repair the steam engine. After that, he began to be trusted to
hold important tasks in the engine section. At that time the coal mining
company where he worked was trying to use a movable steam locomotive to replace
the horsepower that attracted the coal train.
In
1825 the technical development of steam engines which began to be developed in
the late 18th century with the aim of providing a source of energy for the
industry, has reached a point where the steam engine can be used as a driving
force for trains.
The
first application was carried out on a train which was built from Stockton to
Darlington which connected the coal mine at Darlington to the seaport of
Stockton which had a distance of 20 km. This is an immediate and very short
commercial success that has led to the construction of hundreds of railroad
companies throughout the world.
Although
railroad was initially developed for freight transportation, commercial
companies soon realized that there was also a large demand for passenger
transportation.
Then
George made a machine called the Blucher and the engine worked successfully.
After that he was appointed as the Engineer for the construction of the first
Stokton-Darlington railway which was opened in 1825. Then in 1826 he worked for
the construction of the Liverpool-Manchester road which was opened in 1830.
George then took part in the contest and won the contest with a machine called
Rocket. This Rocket machine still exists and is stored at the Science Museum in
London. The electric discovery by Michael Faraday made several inventions of
electrical equipment followed by the discovery of electric motors, which were
then used as electric trams and were the forerunner of the electric train. In
1892, Rudolf Diesel invented a diesel engine train that was more efficient than
a steam locomotive.
Over
time and the advancement of technology now, in the 1960s Japan developed more
advanced electrical and magnetic technology and had a speed above the speed of
ordinary trains by operating the Super Express Shinkanzen Railway on the
Tokyo-Osaka route which was later followed by France by operating a similar
type of train, TGV.
In
fact, in April 1999 a train operation test was conducted at a speed of 552 km /
h in Japan, using railroad technology which was first introduced by the Germany
Transrapid System called MAGLEV (magnetically levatedated train).
Until
now there are several types of trains, such as monorail trains (single rail
trains), this railroad consists of one iron rod. The location of the train is
designed to hang on a rail or on a rail that is designed like a flyover.
Because it is efficient, this monorail type train is usually used as public
transportation in major cities in the world. Whereas Surface trains are trains
that run above the ground and are often found in Indonesia and even in the
world, because the construction is cheaper compared to underground trains or
elevated trains. Subway (Subway) is a train that runs below ground level, this
type of train is built by making underground tunnels as a railroad track.
Generally used in major cities of the world such as New York, Tokyo, Paris,
Seoul and Moscow.
Train Types
Various
types of trains which are generally used for transportation include:
a.
Animal Train
At
first it was known as a horse-drawn carriage consisting of only one train
(circuit), then made a horse carriage that attracted more than one series and
walked on certain lines made of iron (rail) and called sepur. This is used
especially in mining areas where there are lorries which are coupled and pulled
by horsepower.
Horse
carriage is a wheeled vehicle consisting of 1 large box, half round and another
type drawn by a horse, supported by a spring in which there are 2 benches that
can accommodate 2 people or more. There are horse-drawn carriages with 2 wheels
and some are wheeled 4.
b.
Steam Train
Steam
train is a train that is driven by water vapor generated / produced from a
boiler that is heated with fuel wood, coal or fuel oil, therefore this vehicle
is said to be a train and carried until now. Since the first time the train was
built in Indonesia in 1867 in Semarang, it has been using steam locomotives,
generally with locomotives made in Germany, Britain, the United States and the
Netherlands. Most are made in Germany.
To
move the wheels of a steam train from a steam kettle to flow into the space
where the piston is placed, the water vapor will press the piston to move and
on the other hand in the piston chamber the water vapor that is located in that
room is pushed out so on and on. Water vapor is regulated into the piston
chamber by a direct mechanism as shown in the figure. Next the piston will move
the wheel through the mechanism of back and forth movement into a rotary
motion.
The
term regarding steam locomotives needs to be explained, so that readers can
follow the next description. As is known that the important parts of the steam
locomotive are:
·
coal
or wood burning stoves
·
water
boiler
·
tenders
or coal and water sites
·
drive
wheels
·
wheel
drive water vapor piston
·
engineer
room
·
tender
for coal and water couplings
·
drive
wheels
·
supporting
wheels
·
chimney
·
and
others
c.
Diesel Train
Diesel
locomotives are types of diesel-engined locomotives and generally use engine fuel
from diesel fuel. There are two main types of diesel trains, namely hydraulic
diesel trains and electric diesel trains.
Hydraulic
diesel is a type of propulsion on a train that uses a diesel engine as the main
driver by utilizing hydraulic transmission as the successor of the diesel
engine to the train wheels. Hydraulic transmission is a type of transmission on
a train where forwarding power from a diesel engine to the train wheels uses
the thickness of the transmission oil. The diesel engine will rotate a blade in
a transmission engine which inside the engine is filled with transmission oil,
the rotation of the diesel engine will make the transmission oil rotate in the
direction of the rotation of the diesel engine. The oil that has been stirred
and rotates according to the engine rotation direction then rotates the other
blades inside the transmission engine (both blades are not mechanically
connected). The rotation of the blade on the output side is then connected to
the gear on the axle with a saft axle.
Diesel-electric
transmission or electric diesel locomotives are electric diesel engines used by
various types of vehicles. The diesel-electric transmission system has a diesel
engine that is connected to an electric generator, thus producing electricity
that is used as a source of electric motor power. An electric generator is a
device that produces electrical energy from a mechanical energy source, usually
by using electromagnetic induction. This process is known as a power plant.
Although generators and motors have many similarities, but motors are devices
that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The generator pushes the
electric charge to move through an external electric circuit, but the generator
does not create electricity that is already inside the coil. This can be
analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create
water in it. Sources of mechanical energy can be either reciprocation or steam
engine turbines, water that falls through a turbine or water mill, internal
combustion engine, wind turbine, hand crank, solar or solar energy, compressed
air, or whatever other mechanical energy source.
d.
Magnetic Power Train
Maglev
trains (short for magnetically levitated trains, in Indonesian are called
magnetic levitation trains. Are types of magnetic floating trains. Often also
called magnetic trains.
As
the name suggests, the principle of this train is to use a magnetic force to
lift the train so that it floats, does not touch the rail so that the friction
force can be reduced. The maglev train also uses magnets as a driver. With the
small friction and the magnitude of the thrust, this train can travel at speeds
of up to 600 km / h, much faster than an ordinary train. Some countries that
have developed this type of train are China, Japan, France, America and
Germany. Due to the high cost of making magnetic rails, in the world in 2015
there were only two Maglev lanes which were opened for public transportation,
namely Shanghai Transrapid in China and Linimo in Japan.
There
are three types of maglev technology:
•
depends on superconductivity magnets (electrodynamic suspension);
•
depends on controlled electromagnetic (electromagnetic suspension); or who
•
latest, perhaps more economical, using permanent magnets (Inductrack).
Japan
and Germany are two countries active in the development of maglev technology
resulting in many approaches and designs. In a design, the train can be lifted
by the magnetic repulsion force and can travel with a linear motor. Magnetic
mining uses electromagnets or permanent magnets unstable because of Earnshaw's
theory; Diamagnetics and superconductivity magnets can sustain maglev stably.
The electromagnetic field also affects the train's design. A very strong
magnetic field is needed to lift a heavy train.
Convenience of high-speed trains
The
effect of a strong magnetic field is unknown. Therefore for passenger safety,
protection is needed, which can increase the weight of the train. The concept
is easy but the technique and design are complex.
Transrapid
Maglev in Shanghai
Newer
and less expensive systems are called Inductrack. This technique has the
ability to carry loads that are related to the speed of the vehicle, because it
depends on the current that is induced in a passive electromagnetic group by a
permanent magnet. In the example, the permanent magnet is in the carriage;
horizontally to create lift, and vertically to provide stability. A set of
swivel cables are on the rail. Magnets and carriages do not need power, except
for the movement of the carriage. Inductrack was originally developed as a
magnetic motor and support for a "flywheel" to store energy. With a
slight change, this support is straightened into a straight line. Inductrack
was developed by William Post physicist at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory.
Inductrack
uses the Halbach array for stability. The Halbach array is an arrangement of
permanent magnets that stabilizes the rotation of the moving cable without
electronic stabilization. The Halback Array was originally developed for beam
guidance from particle acceleration. They also have a magnetic field on the
edge of the rail, and reduce the potential effect for passengers.
Now,
NASA is researching the use of the Maglev system to launch space shuttles. To
be able to do this, NASA must get the launch of the Maglev space shuttle to
reach the speed of release, a task that requires complex magnetic pulse timing
(see coilgun) or very fast, very powerful electric current (railgun view).
Some of the fastest
trains in the world
High speed train
Technology
has changed many things in aspects of life. Including a transportation system
that has been used today. From the simple to the sophisticated, this also
happens to the railroad system in the world. Not only trains are driven at low
speeds but also at high speeds. Along with the development of technology in
transportation and increasing human mobility in everyday life, it makes it
easier for humans to reach various places with a relatively fast time. Some
countries in the world have also operated fast trains that offer convenience in
addition to saving travel time. By using the fast train, the distance of
hundreds of kilometers can be traveled in just a few hours. Here is the list of
the fastest trains in the world you need to know:
1.
Shanghai Maglev
With
a maximum cruising speed of 430 km per hour, this train operates on magnetic
levation lines in the city of Shanghai. Which means that this train does not
move using wheels. But it floats above the magnetic field that appears between
the rail and the train. The Shanghai magnetic railway line is the only
commercial magnetic train in the world. The train connects Long Yang station
and Pudong international airport with a travel time of only 7 minutes 20
seconds to complete one trip.
2.
Harmony CRH 380A
This
train is the second fastest train in the world with a maximum speed of 380
Kmph. It began operating in October 2010 between the Shanghai - Nanjing route,
with a capacity of 494 passenger seats.
3.
AGV Italo
The
mode of transportation that is owned by Italy was issued by a company called
Nouvo Trasporto Viaggiatori (NTV) in 2008. With the company behind this
railroad operation is Alstom from France, the operational speed is a maximum of
360 Kmph. The area of operation moves between Rome and Naples. Passengers can
arrive at a destination with a travel time of about one hour.
4.
Siemens Velaro E / AVS 103
The
fastest train in the world is in Spain, and German companies have developed it.
The area of operation is Barcelona and Madrid with a speed of 350 Kmph. So
that it can reach the destination for 2 hours 30 minutes.
5.
Talgo 350 Spain
This
train that connects Barcelona - Madrid has a maximum opportunity of 350 Kmph
and offers maximum comfort and safety by sharing train cars: Club Class, First
Class, Bistro Class and Coach Class.
Reference:
•
Abdul
Aziz et al., MAKALAH: Development of Railway Technology (Technology
Management), MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY MALANG, 2016.
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