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Senin, 21 Januari 2019

TRAIN TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY, TYPE, AND DEVELOPMENT (English Version)


TRAIN TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY, TYPE, AND DEVELOPMENT



 

TRAINS

Modern train transportation equipment began to develop along with the development of the industrial revolution, expansion, and movement from one place to another. The new train has been used massively since 200 years ago. However, his discovery occurred long before all of that. Simple trains as a means of transportation have been used around 2000 years ago by people in ancient Egyptian, Babylonian and Greek civilizations. At that time, transportation equipment to carry passengers and goods was still carried out using carts pulled by animals (usually horses or cattle). Along with the development, the experts began to create a round wheel shape to reduce the load during lifting, when the wheels were made of wood. To activate a new way of transportation, they then built a road. Archeological remains of this development can still be found in Italy and Greece. One of the most famous examples is the ancient stone carved "wagonways" that can be found at the Isthmus from Corinth, Greece.

Train history
In the 18th century, every mine in England had its own simple railroad network, with horses as towing carts from the mine to the factory. The change came back in 1774 after James Watt introduced the discovery of his first stationary steam engine to the world. Later in the 1800s several steam engine experts succeeded in modifying the Watt engine steam engine, by designing a non-condensing high-pressure chamber that allowed the engine to convert more steam energy into mechanical energy.

The first steam engine began operating along the primitive rail in 1804. Saait's Matthew Murray managed to display the first simple locomotive, but the public's attention was more focused on Richard Trevithick who succeeded in creating "Penydarren", a locomotive that pulled a load equivalent to 25 tons and 70 person. The train was used commercially in the late 1820s, George Stephenson, a British national at the time, won the competition by designing his steam locomotive. Since then, steam locomotives have spread rapidly to America.

In the first decade of the spread of steam locomotives, engineers in London began planning to build intercity railways and underground tunnels. The first part of the project is now known as the "London Underground" which was built in 1863. Despite receiving many complaints because of smoke in the tunnels, the construction of this railroad continued until 1890. The heyday of the steam train ended when the entire train fleet began to use engines electricity. The use of electric trains marked the beginning of a new era of percapital systems through rapid urban transit, and underground roads began to appear throughout the world.

Another thing that is very important in the history of the train is the introduction of the Diesel engine, which also carried steam locomotives for closing age. After World War 2, the majority of countries in the world began to leave steam locomotives and switch to more reliable diesel-fueled engines. Diesel engines combined with electric ones make it possible to create the world's second best train, after an electric train. Now trains are carrying more than 40% of goods worldwide and distributing them between cities, countries and continents.

Steam locomotive

Train Development
Modes of modern railway transportation are beginning to develop along with the development of the industrial revolution and the rapid advancement of technology in the world. The train has been used as mass transit since 200 years ago. But the discovery was long before this happened.

The development of railways is like any other transportation, which begins with the discovery of wheels, from horse-drawn carriages consisting of a series of trains, then made by horse-drawn carriages that draw more than one series and walk on a track made of iron or rails. Then after James Watt invented the steam engine, Nicholas Cugnot made a three-wheeled vehicle with steam. People call it the iron horse. Then Richard Trevithick made the locomotive engine to make a locomotive engine that was coupled with the train. George Stephenson perfected the locomotive that won the locomotive race race and was used on the Liverpool-Manchester line, at that time the steam locomotive was used to construct grasshoppers.

Then improvements were made to improve locomotives that were more effective and able to attract more trains. George Stephenson works for a coal mining company that originally only helped his father. Gradually he later became the head of the steam engine. While working, he began to learn to read by taking classes at night. George Stephenson then read a lot about books, until one day he was asked to help repair the steam engine. After that, he began to be trusted to hold important tasks in the engine section. At that time the coal mining company where he worked was trying to use a movable steam locomotive to replace the horsepower that attracted the coal train.

In 1825 the technical development of steam engines which began to be developed in the late 18th century with the aim of providing a source of energy for the industry, has reached a point where the steam engine can be used as a driving force for trains.

The first application was carried out on a train which was built from Stockton to Darlington which connected the coal mine at Darlington to the seaport of Stockton which had a distance of 20 km. This is an immediate and very short commercial success that has led to the construction of hundreds of railroad companies throughout the world.

Although railroad was initially developed for freight transportation, commercial companies soon realized that there was also a large demand for passenger transportation.

Then George made a machine called the Blucher and the engine worked successfully. After that he was appointed as the Engineer for the construction of the first Stokton-Darlington railway which was opened in 1825. Then in 1826 he worked for the construction of the Liverpool-Manchester road which was opened in 1830. George then took part in the contest and won the contest with a machine called Rocket. This Rocket machine still exists and is stored at the Science Museum in London. The electric discovery by Michael Faraday made several inventions of electrical equipment followed by the discovery of electric motors, which were then used as electric trams and were the forerunner of the electric train. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel invented a diesel engine train that was more efficient than a steam locomotive.

Over time and the advancement of technology now, in the 1960s Japan developed more advanced electrical and magnetic technology and had a speed above the speed of ordinary trains by operating the Super Express Shinkanzen Railway on the Tokyo-Osaka route which was later followed by France by operating a similar type of train, TGV.

In fact, in April 1999 a train operation test was conducted at a speed of 552 km / h in Japan, using railroad technology which was first introduced by the Germany Transrapid System called MAGLEV (magnetically levatedated train).

Until now there are several types of trains, such as monorail trains (single rail trains), this railroad consists of one iron rod. The location of the train is designed to hang on a rail or on a rail that is designed like a flyover. Because it is efficient, this monorail type train is usually used as public transportation in major cities in the world. Whereas Surface trains are trains that run above the ground and are often found in Indonesia and even in the world, because the construction is cheaper compared to underground trains or elevated trains. Subway (Subway) is a train that runs below ground level, this type of train is built by making underground tunnels as a railroad track. Generally used in major cities of the world such as New York, Tokyo, Paris, Seoul and Moscow.

Train Types
Various types of trains which are generally used for transportation include:

a. Animal Train
At first it was known as a horse-drawn carriage consisting of only one train (circuit), then made a horse carriage that attracted more than one series and walked on certain lines made of iron (rail) and called sepur. This is used especially in mining areas where there are lorries which are coupled and pulled by horsepower.

Horse carriage is a wheeled vehicle consisting of 1 large box, half round and another type drawn by a horse, supported by a spring in which there are 2 benches that can accommodate 2 people or more. There are horse-drawn carriages with 2 wheels and some are wheeled 4.

b. Steam Train
Steam train is a train that is driven by water vapor generated / produced from a boiler that is heated with fuel wood, coal or fuel oil, therefore this vehicle is said to be a train and carried until now. Since the first time the train was built in Indonesia in 1867 in Semarang, it has been using steam locomotives, generally with locomotives made in Germany, Britain, the United States and the Netherlands. Most are made in Germany.

To move the wheels of a steam train from a steam kettle to flow into the space where the piston is placed, the water vapor will press the piston to move and on the other hand in the piston chamber the water vapor that is located in that room is pushed out so on and on. Water vapor is regulated into the piston chamber by a direct mechanism as shown in the figure. Next the piston will move the wheel through the mechanism of back and forth movement into a rotary motion.



The term regarding steam locomotives needs to be explained, so that readers can follow the next description. As is known that the important parts of the steam locomotive are:
·         coal or wood burning stoves
·         water boiler
·         tenders or coal and water sites
·         drive wheels
·         wheel drive water vapor piston
·         engineer room
·         tender for coal and water couplings
·         drive wheels
·         supporting wheels
·         chimney
·         and others



c. Diesel Train
Diesel locomotives are types of diesel-engined locomotives and generally use engine fuel from diesel fuel. There are two main types of diesel trains, namely hydraulic diesel trains and electric diesel trains.

Hydraulic diesel is a type of propulsion on a train that uses a diesel engine as the main driver by utilizing hydraulic transmission as the successor of the diesel engine to the train wheels. Hydraulic transmission is a type of transmission on a train where forwarding power from a diesel engine to the train wheels uses the thickness of the transmission oil. The diesel engine will rotate a blade in a transmission engine which inside the engine is filled with transmission oil, the rotation of the diesel engine will make the transmission oil rotate in the direction of the rotation of the diesel engine. The oil that has been stirred and rotates according to the engine rotation direction then rotates the other blades inside the transmission engine (both blades are not mechanically connected). The rotation of the blade on the output side is then connected to the gear on the axle with a saft axle.

Diesel-electric transmission or electric diesel locomotives are electric diesel engines used by various types of vehicles. The diesel-electric transmission system has a diesel engine that is connected to an electric generator, thus producing electricity that is used as a source of electric motor power. An electric generator is a device that produces electrical energy from a mechanical energy source, usually by using electromagnetic induction. This process is known as a power plant. Although generators and motors have many similarities, but motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The generator pushes the electric charge to move through an external electric circuit, but the generator does not create electricity that is already inside the coil. This can be analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create water in it. Sources of mechanical energy can be either reciprocation or steam engine turbines, water that falls through a turbine or water mill, internal combustion engine, wind turbine, hand crank, solar or solar energy, compressed air, or whatever other mechanical energy source.

d. Magnetic Power Train
Maglev trains (short for magnetically levitated trains, in Indonesian are called magnetic levitation trains. Are types of magnetic floating trains. Often also called magnetic trains.
As the name suggests, the principle of this train is to use a magnetic force to lift the train so that it floats, does not touch the rail so that the friction force can be reduced. The maglev train also uses magnets as a driver. With the small friction and the magnitude of the thrust, this train can travel at speeds of up to 600 km / h, much faster than an ordinary train. Some countries that have developed this type of train are China, Japan, France, America and Germany. Due to the high cost of making magnetic rails, in the world in 2015 there were only two Maglev lanes which were opened for public transportation, namely Shanghai Transrapid in China and Linimo in Japan.

There are three types of maglev technology:
• depends on superconductivity magnets (electrodynamic suspension);
• depends on controlled electromagnetic (electromagnetic suspension); or who
• latest, perhaps more economical, using permanent magnets (Inductrack).

Japan and Germany are two countries active in the development of maglev technology resulting in many approaches and designs. In a design, the train can be lifted by the magnetic repulsion force and can travel with a linear motor. Magnetic mining uses electromagnets or permanent magnets unstable because of Earnshaw's theory; Diamagnetics and superconductivity magnets can sustain maglev stably. The electromagnetic field also affects the train's design. A very strong magnetic field is needed to lift a heavy train.

Convenience of high-speed trains

The effect of a strong magnetic field is unknown. Therefore for passenger safety, protection is needed, which can increase the weight of the train. The concept is easy but the technique and design are complex.

Transrapid Maglev in Shanghai
Newer and less expensive systems are called Inductrack. This technique has the ability to carry loads that are related to the speed of the vehicle, because it depends on the current that is induced in a passive electromagnetic group by a permanent magnet. In the example, the permanent magnet is in the carriage; horizontally to create lift, and vertically to provide stability. A set of swivel cables are on the rail. Magnets and carriages do not need power, except for the movement of the carriage. Inductrack was originally developed as a magnetic motor and support for a "flywheel" to store energy. With a slight change, this support is straightened into a straight line. Inductrack was developed by William Post physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Inductrack uses the Halbach array for stability. The Halbach array is an arrangement of permanent magnets that stabilizes the rotation of the moving cable without electronic stabilization. The Halback Array was originally developed for beam guidance from particle acceleration. They also have a magnetic field on the edge of the rail, and reduce the potential effect for passengers.

Now, NASA is researching the use of the Maglev system to launch space shuttles. To be able to do this, NASA must get the launch of the Maglev space shuttle to reach the speed of release, a task that requires complex magnetic pulse timing (see coilgun) or very fast, very powerful electric current (railgun view).

Some of the fastest trains in the world

High speed train

Technology has changed many things in aspects of life. Including a transportation system that has been used today. From the simple to the sophisticated, this also happens to the railroad system in the world. Not only trains are driven at low speeds but also at high speeds. Along with the development of technology in transportation and increasing human mobility in everyday life, it makes it easier for humans to reach various places with a relatively fast time. Some countries in the world have also operated fast trains that offer convenience in addition to saving travel time. By using the fast train, the distance of hundreds of kilometers can be traveled in just a few hours. Here is the list of the fastest trains in the world you need to know:

1. Shanghai Maglev
With a maximum cruising speed of 430 km per hour, this train operates on magnetic levation lines in the city of Shanghai. Which means that this train does not move using wheels. But it floats above the magnetic field that appears between the rail and the train. The Shanghai magnetic railway line is the only commercial magnetic train in the world. The train connects Long Yang station and Pudong international airport with a travel time of only 7 minutes 20 seconds to complete one trip.

2. Harmony CRH 380A
This train is the second fastest train in the world with a maximum speed of 380 Kmph. It began operating in October 2010 between the Shanghai - Nanjing route, with a capacity of 494 passenger seats.

3. AGV Italo
The mode of transportation that is owned by Italy was issued by a company called Nouvo Trasporto Viaggiatori (NTV) in 2008. With the company behind this railroad operation is Alstom from France, the operational speed is a maximum of 360 Kmph. The area of ​​operation moves between Rome and Naples. Passengers can arrive at a destination with a travel time of about one hour.

4. Siemens Velaro E / AVS 103
The fastest train in the world is in Spain, and German companies have developed it. The area of ​​operation is Barcelona and Madrid with a speed of 350 Kmph. So that it can reach the destination for 2 hours 30 minutes.

5. Talgo 350 Spain
This train that connects Barcelona - Madrid has a maximum opportunity of 350 Kmph and offers maximum comfort and safety by sharing train cars: Club Class, First Class, Bistro Class and Coach Class.




Reference:
      Abdul Aziz et al., MAKALAH: Development of Railway Technology (Technology Management), MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY MALANG, 2016.



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