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Sabtu, 19 Januari 2019

CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HOW PENDULUM & MECHANICAL CLOCK WORKS (English Version)


CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HOW PENDULUM & MECHANICAL CLOCK WORKS


Here, the author will explain how the pendulum clock or pendulum clock works and the Mechanical Clock.

Pendulum Clock (Pendulum)
Pendulum clock is an ancient item that used to be very popular, maybe some people still have it in their home.

The clock that looks like a cupboard, then at the top there is a circle that shows time, like the clock we now know, then at the bottom there is a pendulum that swings right and left. It was a very popular pendulum clock in the 18-19 century.

Understanding The Pendulum
The pendulum is interpreted as "pendulum that depends on a rope (chain and so on) or a relatively long hanger". The simple pendulum is a load that is hung by a rope or it can also be a load that is hung by statif (iron rod). The weight of the load must be far greater than the weight of the rope / stative that hangs it. Simple pictures like this:

Example of a simple pendulum. Red: pendulum, Blue: rope.

When a pendulum is moved / swung it will occur back and forth. In a perfect vacuum, this alternating motion will continue continuously because there is no air resistance (Hk. Newton 1).

Concept of Oscillation / Knocking
Oscillation or knock is the concept of repetitive movements regularly / regularly. Galileo had previously defined that one of the simple pendulum traits was the movement back and forth to its initial position (1 oscillation / knock) needed the same time even though the distance traveled by the pendulum was different. Try to observe this picture:


Simple pendulum

Based on Galileo's observations, the time needed for the pendulum to move from point 3 (as the starting point) then to point 5, swinging towards point 1 and returning to point 3 will be the same if the pendulum moves from point 3 (as the starting point) then goes to point 4, swing to point 2 and return to point 3. This can be proven by yourself at home.

So the travel time from the starting point to the first maximum position point (right) then turns to the second maximum position (left) and returns to the starting point to be stable (fixed) at a specified time unit (a few seconds).

Pendulum

The nature of this pendulum supports the calculation of time, because the motion of the pendulum exposed to air resistance will not affect the calculation of the amount of oscillation. If interested, please see the demo video here (English):


How Pendulum Clock works 
Now the movement of the pendulum from returning to its original state can be calculated in a certain unit of time. Suppose for one movement to return to its original position it turns out that it takes 0.5 seconds. Then it is called 2 oscillations / second. This is the frequency concept that we have learned in junior high school:

f = beat time
f = nt

Simply stated, you also know that we can calculate time based on the number of beats of the pendulum. Suppose the pendulum moves 2 times in 1 second. So if he moves 20 times means the time running is 10 seconds.

The pendulum oscillation movement is only influenced by the length of the pendulum's arm / arm and the moment of its inertia. So by making a standard length of rope / pendulum arm we will be able to determine a certain unit of time.

For example, so that a pendulum can move one oscillation per second, then the length of the pendulum arm is around 0.994 meters. That is if the pendulum's arm is a piece of rope whose mass is very small compared to the load.

This means that if the pendulum arm is made of metal and the mass is somewhat larger, the length of the arm must be reduced. Here is the role of the designer pendulum clock to make a pendulum design with arm length and standard material.

This is what underlies why the pendulum clock is up to one large closet. Because many designers designed the clock to make one oscillation every second, so the length of the pendulum arm was approximately 1 meter.

The design, mechanism of the gear wheel on the inside of the clock and how to detect the beats is rather difficult for me to explain because it needs to understand images in 3D. If you are interested you can learn here (English):



How the Mechanical Clock Works
After the development of the pendulum clock, then in the 17th century we entered the era of portable clocks. This begins with the discovery of an object that is able to perform repetitive oscillation movements regularly. The object is a spiral spring (spring).

The mechanical clock component uses a spring

By using oscillating movements from the spring, we can record time more precisely because the spring movement can be far more sensitive than the pendulum. A much faster spring frequency also makes clock accuracy even higher. Please see how it works here (English):




If previously many used the pendulum clock with an accuracy of one oscillation / second. Then with this spring clock can reach 144 oscillations / second. This means that the existence of this spring clock increases the accuracy of the clock to 10 minutes per day compared to the pendulum clock.

Because the spring clock is portable and even becomes a watch, the size of the components is getting smaller. The small size of the components must be supported by a smooth and non-resistance gear surface.

The smaller the clock, the more slippery gear and components are needed so that there is no resistance in touch between gears. Because the resistance is there because the rough gear surface can reduce clock accuracy.

Because the required gear parts are slippery and perfectly resistant, this is what makes hourly prices soar on the market.

Maybe now you see the use of diamonds at the clock displayed on the outside as ornaments. But the craftsmen of watches in the past used diamond-class stones to be made into the inner gear of the clock because the material properties were very slippery, hard, strong and not affected by magnets. That's what causes the trend of the price of watches that are crazy even today.

Conclusion
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the basic concept of the workings of pendulum clocks and mechanical clocks is to calculate the frequency of repetitive movements (oscillations) that occur in the pendulum or spring.

In addition, at this time scientists have known that oscillations also occur in atoms in the form of waves, so waves on these atoms can be used as new concepts in more accurate measurement of time.



Reference:



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