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Minggu, 13 Januari 2019

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY - DEVELOPMENT, HOW IT WORK, AND THE NETWORK (English Version)


COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY - DEVELOPMENT, HOW IT WORK, AND THE NETWORK

When the computer was first made? And what about its history and development to become the most sophisticated computer today? On this occasion we will invite you to look at the past and find out how the first computer appeared. We will both see computers evolve with the times until they reach their current form.

1. HISTORY - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
The beginnings of computer discovery cannot be separated from human needs to be able to find out how many results of a calculation, starting from very simple calculations to very complex ones. To get information quickly and accurately, people always try to find and find a better tool for calculating and processing data. At first, all calculating aids were moved manually by human power (Manual Period of 1000 BC - 1641 AD), then the calculating device developed using mechanical propulsion using hand-moved gear wheels (Mechanical Period 1642-1885). In subsequent developments, calculating aids, mechanical machines began to use electricity (Electromechanical Period 1886 - 1945), and in the latest developments using electronic circuits (Electronic Period 1946 - present).

In this Electronic Period we begin to enter the computer generation. The following is an explanation of each of these computer generations:

1.A. Computers Generation I
First generation computers came into existence in 1946 - 1956, some of the main features of this generation include:
1. Use vacuum tubes as circuits.
2. The physical size of a large computer so that it requires a large room and uses large electrical power.
3. Having external storage media in the form of magnetic tape or magnetic drum.
4. Can only be controlled by machine language (machine language)
The examples of this first generation computer include:

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)


ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) developed in 1946 by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert from the University of Pennsylvania was the First General Purpose Electronic Computer.

• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)


UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) has used magnetic tape as its input and output media. It is the first commercial computer used by the US Census Bureau to be used in calculating population censuses and as the first computer made for business application purposes.

• IBM 701 and IBM650

IBM 701 and IBM650 which are already large commercial computers. Already using magnetic drum for external storage media.

1.B Computers Generation II
Second generation computers became popular in the early 1960s. Some of the main features of this generation include:
1. Already using a transistor for the circuit. Transistors were developed at Bell Laboratories in 1947.
2. Smaller, faster, more reliable and energy efficient than the first generation of computers.
3. Using assembly language consisting of abbreviations to replace binary code

An example of a second generation computer developed at that time was IBM 1401. Since 1965, most large businesses used this generation of computers to process financial information.



1.C Computers Generation III
The examples of this third generation computer include:

• IBM S / 360

IBM S / 360 designed for business and engineering.

• GE 600 and GE 235

General Electric issued GE 600 and GE 235.

• Century NCR

National Cash Register issued the NCR Century series

1.D Computers Generation IV
The fourth generation computer (1971), some of the main features of this generation include:
1. A microcomputer was developed which uses a general purpose microprocessor processor developed by Intel (Intel 8080).
2. Start using LSI (Large Scale Intergartion) which is a thousands of IC (Integrated Circuit) compaction in a chip. Then it was developed into VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).
3. In this generation, most of the computers have used the operating system with the concept of GUI (Grapihical User Interface). Like the Microsoft Windows operating system made by Microsoft Corp.

The examples of this fourth generation computer include:

• Apple II


The Apple II was developed by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Picture on Apple II by Steven Job and Steve Wozniak.

• IBM PC



IBM PC with its compatible mass produced by various companies so that micro computers in the community today. IBM PC continued to grow starting from IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / AT, IBM PC / 386, IBM PC / 486 using the intel 8088 microprocessor, 80286, 80386, 80486, then became the Intel Pentium series. Who produces microprocessors besides Intel companies, there are also AMD companies (Advanced Micro Devices).

1. E Computers Generation V
Generation V computers were developed since 1985, some of the main features of this generation include:
1. In Japan ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was established to develop fifth generation computers, namely to create powerful and intelligent computers.
2. Developed a computer system that has elements of artificial intelligence that can work on tasks with characteristics such as humans (intelligent, imagination, and intuition) with natural language.

Computer Development Figures
In the history of computer development, the following lines of characters are those who contributed to the development. Among them are Charles Babbage, Ada Augusta Byron, Herman Hollerith, Thomas Watson, Bob Noyse and Gordon Moore, Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Richard Stallman, Linus Torvalds. Next, we will see what the services of these figures are like:

• Charles Babbage
An inventor and mathematician born in England in 1791. Successfully made a model of a machine called the Difference Engine and designed the Analytical Engine. Known as the Father of Modern Computers (Father of the Modern Computer) because in its design the Analytical Engine has five elements found on modern computers, namely:
• Input device.
• Data storage to be processed.
• Processing tools.
• Processing control unit
• Output device

• There's Augusta Byron
Known as the first programmer (First Computer Programmer) because it helped develop instructions for running the Analytical Engine.

• Herman Hollerith
In 1886 Tabulating Machine was used to calculate the results of the population census of the United States in 1890 quickly. In 1896 he established the Tabulating Machine Company and in 1924 merged with two other companies and formed International Business Machines Corporation - IBM Co.

• Thomas Watson
In 1924 - 1956, leading International Business Machines (IBM) and managed to bring IBM to dominate the market as a supplier of data processing machines and began to become a leading computer developer. Since 1981, IBM entered the micro computer business by introducing IBM PC.

• Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore
In 1968 founded Intel and in 1971 introduced the first microprocessor (4004).

• Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak
In 1976 introduced the Apple I, the first computer with a keyboard and screen. Forms the company Apple Computer Inc. and developing the Apple II. The Apple company first developed the use of a mouse on its personal computer in 1983.

• Bill Gates and Paul Allen
As the founder of the Microsoft company. In 1980 IBM chose Microsoft to develop an operating system for IBM PC and the result was an operating system known as MS-DOS. In 1990 Microsoft companies dominated the software market with the widespread use of the Microsoft Windows operating system with various application programs for business, technical, educational and personal purposes.

• Richard Stallman
In 1984 the GNU project (GNU's Not Unix) began, which is a Unix-like operating system that is free software. In 1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation which sponsored free software development.

• Linus Torvalds
In 1991 developed the Linux operating system which was then disseminated by Open Source. Many Linux operating systems are applied to servers on network systems

2. HOW COMPUTERS WORK




Computers that used to be simple calculating tools have now undergone an expansion of meaning. Today's computers can be interpreted as an electronic device capable of carrying out information processions where the computer is able to retrieve raw data and then process it and issue it as a specific output.

The way the computer works outlines is divided into three groups, namely nput, Process, and Output. Input, which is Media that is used to enter data into the process, this media such as Keyboard, Mouse, Tave Recorder, HandyCam, CAM and others. Process, which is a tool that is used to process data from Input which will later be released to the Output system. This process plays an important role in the computer system. The media for the process that has become a complete system is that we are familiar with the mainboard or often called the motherboard. where in the mainbord is included in it is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), usually people call the CPU is already in one package along with a box that has a complete box inside it. Actually the heart of all data processes lies in the core named Processor, this Processor is an electronic component that has been programmed with a series of logic in it. example processors, for example Pentium 1, pentium 2, up to pentium 4 and the more popular now are Pentium Core 2 duo or core Duo, Intel atom and so on. Output, which is the output media where this media is to display the results of data from the process, this output media is in the form of PRinter, plotter, etc.

The data that comes on the input media is digital data which is a binary number (i.e. a number that is divisible by two) where this number only knows the numbers 0 and 1. the data that comes to the process is a combination of numbers 0 and 1, which is 8 bits data, or 16 bits or 32 bits, depending on the computer system used and the processor is also 8 bits, 16 bits or 32 bits, BIT (Binary Digit).

This whole set of processes is a simple basis of computer work. Information retrieval is called input, information storage is called memory or storage, information processing is processed, while specific output expenditure is of course called output. Basically computers in any part of the world work with these four bases, and by simplifying them into four large parts above you might be able to understand more easily.





2.A. Computer Workflow

In the process of input several devices that you often encounter such as the mouse, keyboard, or microphone that you connect to your PC. Anything that can make a signal enter a computer is called input. While for the storage process, the PC you have must have a hard drive. Some other storage media that you might recognize for example flash disk, micro SD, or memory card. Then the part that has the information processing function on your PC is called the central processor unit or CPU. This section is a microchip that is embedded in your PC, and is the brain of your PC. Without this small tool, the entire process that runs on your PC is not possible. Now this is the reason why you should always cool your CPU to prevent overheating. Finally, the usual tool for output on your PC, for example, is an LCD monitor, speaker, or printer that you use everyday to print your work.

How the Computer System Works - Processing data that uses computers as a medium is known as Electronic Data Processing (EDP). Data processing is a process in which a data is processed or converted into a form that is more useful and more meaningful, in the form of information. So that a computer can be used to process a data into information, a system called a computer system is needed. The system referred to here consists of elements that are interconnected so that it forms a unit that can be used to carry out the main purpose of the system.

1. Input (Input)
Stage of input (input) is the initial stage of the processing that occurs in a computer system. This stage is in the form of inputting raw data into a computer system through an input device. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. These tools are used to enter data to be processed. Like the keyboard, it is used to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols into the computer which will then be processed.

2. Processing (Process)
At this stage, the data that has been entered through the input equipment will be processed. This stage of the process is carried out by the processing device, the CPU. Which of these CPUs can perform calculation and logic functions for comparison (ALU) and also control (CU). At this stage, the raw data is processed in such a way that the data is ready to be printed into more useful information.

3. Expenditures (Output)
At this stage, the data that was previously entered through the input equipment, then processed by the CPU will be able to be printed when it is ready. This printing can be either hardcopy or softcopy. Hard copy means using physical media such as paper or something else. Softcopy means displaying visual images through a monitor or projector. Included in the output equipment here are monitors, projectors, printers, etc.

4. Storage (Storage)
This stage is the process of recording the results of processing into a storage device (storage device) and can be used again as input for the next process. So, the raw data that has been processed before can be stored on storage media (Storage device) so that later it can be used again at any time if you want to print the data.

In the picture above, there are two arrows opposite each other, this shows that data can be stored and retrieved if needed for data processing purposes.

Actually, processing this data does not have its end. Evidently, from information obtained from previously processed data, it can still be further developed into more useful information.

2. B Standard Devices in a PC
If you read an article about how computers work to start assembling PCs, we will explain simply about some of the standard devices that make up a PC so that the PC can work properly.

PCs generally have a "main framework" called a motherboard. Some people refer to it as a base board, playing circuit board, backplane board, mobo, playing board, and the like. The point is this device is the main circuit board which is a place for various other devices to communicate with each other.

Asus P5AD2-E motherboard
For those of you who have just seen this mob for the first time, they must have felt confused or confused because of the many components embedded in it. But the major components that are generally found on the standard mobo are actually only a few, namely CPU, RAM (Random Access Memory), BIOS (Basic Input / Output System), CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory), Cache Memory, Expansion Bus, Chipsets , CPU Clock, switch and jumper.

The CPU as we explained above is the brain of your entire computer that is responsible for all kinds of processing that occurs on your computer. Some types of CPUs that you might already know for example are Pentium, Intel Core i5, AMD Athlon, Cyrix 486, and many more. For those of you who want to build a computer, you have to pay attention to the compatibility of the CPU socket with the mobo that you buy, right? Because not all CPUs are compatible with all mobos.

RAM is a computer chip that stores temporary dynamic data to improve the performance of your computer while your computer is working. The analogy is, if you want to do a job then temporary RAM will take the data so that the CPU does not need to take it continuously from the hard disk. However RAM is a volatile storage media where it will lose its data when your PC is turned off.
The BIOS is a memory consisting of software that controls the system's hardware as a whole and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware.


CMOS RAM is a separate memory block contained in the mobo. CMOS RAM even has its own battery so that when the PC is turned off CMOS RAM will maintain it. This is what keeps your PC from experiencing reconfiguration when it is turned on. Some information stored in CMOS RAM is the type of hard disk, information about the CPU, RAM size, time and date, serial info and parallel port, information about plug and play, and power storage settings.
 
CMOS RAM
Cache memory is a small block of high-speed RAM whose job is to preload information from main memory to be forwarded to the CPU.

The expansion bus is an input flow or output from the CPU to other devices. Usually consists of several plugs on the mobo. Some of the uses are to connect PCI.

Chipsets are a collection of circuits that function to regulate the flow of data to and from PC components. Some of the chipset components are CPU, main memory, secondary cache memory, and any devices that are connected to the expansion bus. In general, computers typically have two main chipsets, the north bridge and the south bridge.

The north bridge has a function to manage the transfer between CPU and RAM so that it is placed close to the CPU and some people call it GMCH (Graphic and Memory Controller Hub). While the southbridge is a device that is in charge of regulating relations between devices that are slower.


South Bridge and North Bridge on the motherboard
CPU Clock has the function of synchronizing all activities that occur on your PC. It's easy for CPU Clock to give "life" to your PC so that you are currently probably able to read this article using your PC.

2. C Operating System
After you read a little about how computers work, and the basics of the motherboard, it's time for you to understand the operating system. The operating system is the core software of the computer that regulates all input, output, storage, and processing activities. Those of you who are currently using smart phones are sure that we understand this because on your cellphone you also have a special operating system.
However this operating system stands in the BIOS (as we explained above) which is a firmware that should already exist if you assemble a complete set of mobo.


3. COMPUTER NETWORK
Internet Networks That Are Widely Used Today
The internet consists of communication networks that are connected electronically. The nets have very wide and organized connections with the reach of the entire world through connections made by satellites. So, the internet is a computer network that has a very wide range. This internet network is divided into several types. The kinds of internet networks are as follows.


Internet Network Based on Distance reach
Before we find out about various types of internet networks, it's good to know what the internet network really is. Internet network is a combination of an internet network with several computer devices that are interconnected with a certain range. The definition of internet network has been discussed in the discussion above, now is the time we know the type of internet network that is divided based on its reach.

1. PAN

PAN is short for personal area network. PAN's internet network system is the simplest internet network system consisting of individuals with very short coverage limits. The limit is around 10 m. You might feel familiar with this network system, even though, you might have it. One example of a PAN system is bluetooth which is available on various features including on your Smartphone.

2. HAN



HAN is short for Home Area Network, so, as the name implies, this internet network only covers an area of the house. This network also includes networks that are very rarely used. This HAN network is usually on the internet that is connected by using a router-installed home appliance to provide limited access to the internet.

3. LAN


Wider than HAN and PAN, the local area network or LAN is a computer network system that has a range of areas with a small size. Usually, the coverage is not more than 1 km2. LAN is usually used as an internet network used in one building. This network is built using the IEEE 802.3 cable. This cable is a special cable that can connect one computer device to a network. The easiest example of this network is the internet shop facility.

4. MAN



Development of LAN networks is a MAN network or metropolitan area network. This network coverage is wider compared to LAN. The range of area that can be covered is 10 to 50 km2. You can easily connect to a computer that is in a province with a maximum radius of 50 km. You can send information very quickly using this network system, however, its limited reach is one of its weaknesses.

5. WAN



The most extensive internet network is the WAN or wide are network whose coverage can reach all countries. This network is compiled by combining several LANs like MAN. The thing that distinguishes is the number of LANs that are connected more than MAN.

Besides being based on this, you can also distinguish it based on the distribution of information sources.

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