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Selasa, 15 Januari 2019

HANDPHONE TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT (English Version)


HANDPHONE TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Mobile phones are increasingly mushrooming today as is the case with computers or laptops and tablets, but not many know about the history of mobile phones and their development. Both from small children to elderly people now use mobile phones to communicate.




Mobile
Definition of Mobile phones
Cellphones or mobile phones, cellular phones are electronic telecommunications devices that have the same basic capabilities as conventional fixed line telephones, but can be carried everywhere (portable, mobile) and do not need to be connected to a wired (wireless; wireless) telephone network.

 History of Mobile phones
From a lot of literature The inventor of the first mobile phone system was Martin Cooper, a worker at the Motorola manufacturer in April 1973, although often mentioned the inventor of a cellphone was a team from one of the Motorola divisions (the division where Cooper worked) with the first model was DynaTAC. The idea that was coined by Cooper was a communication device that was small and easy to carry around flexibly.

Cooper and his team faced the challenge of inserting all electronic material into the small sized device for the first time. Finally, the first cellphone was successfully completed with a total weight of two kilograms. To make it, the Motorola manufacturer costs approximately US $ 1 million. "In 1983, portable cellphones worth US $ 4 thousand (Rp36 million), equivalent to US $ 10 thousand (Rp90 million).

After successfully producing cellphones, the next biggest challenge was to adapt the infrastructure to support the mobile communication system by creating a network system that only requires 3 MHz of spectrum, equivalent to five TV channels channeled throughout the world.

Another figure who is known to be very instrumental in the world of cellular communication is Amos Joel Jr. who was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, he is indeed recognized worldwide as an expert in the field of switching. He received a bachelor's (1940) diploma and master's degree (1942) in electronic engineering from MIT. Shortly after the study, he began his career for 43 years (from July 1940-March 1983) at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 American patents in the telecommunications sector, especially in the field of switching. Amos E Joel Jr., made a mobile switching system from one cell region to another cell region. This switching must work when mobile users move or move from one cell to another so that the conversation is not interrupted. Because of Amos Joel's invention, the use of cellphones has become comfortable.

Mobile phones Development

Early Generation Mobile phones
The history of the invention of cellular phones is inseparable from the development of radio technology. The beginning of the invention of cellular phones began in 1921 when the Detroit Michigan Police Department tried to use a one-way car phone. Then, in 1928 the Detroit Police began using one-way radio communications on all patrol cars with a frequency of 2MHz.

In subsequent developments, radio communication developed into two directions with "frequency modulated" (FM). In 1940, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (now Motorola) developed a portable Handie-talkie SCR536, which means a tool of communication on the battlefield during World War II. This period is the generation of 0 cellular phones or 0-G, where cellular phones are being introduced.

After issuing SCR536, then in 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation issued the first two-way partable FM radio which was named SCR300 with a backpack model for the U.S army. This tool weighs about 35 pounds and can work effectively within 10 to 20 miles of operating distance.

The 0-G cellular telephone system still uses a VHF radio system to connect telephones directly to PSTNlandline. The weakness of this system is the problem in the congestion network which then raises efforts to replace this system.

Generation 0 ended with the discovery of a modern concept by engineers from Bell Labs in 1947. They discovered the concept of using hexagonal telephones as the basis of cellular phones. However, this concept was only developed in the 1960s.

Generation 1 Mobile phones
First generation mobile phones are also called 1G. 1-G is the first real mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper from Motorola Corp invented the first cellphone and was introduced to the public on April 3, 1973. The cellular phone found by Cooper weighed 30 ounces or about 800 grams. This discovery has changed the world forever.

 Martin Cooper

Martin Cooper, who called Bel Labs officials who were the main rivals in the telecommunications business in the United States at the time. At that time, Cooper proudly mentioned that the communication he was using was using a cellphone. Important notes also appeared in the history of the world's mobile phones in New York, United States. The cellphone that Cooper uses to make calls to his business rivals is Motorola DynaTAC (DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage). This is a mobile prototype made by Motorola.
The technology used 1-G is still analogous and is known as AMPS. AMPS uses a frequency between 825 Mhz-894 Mhz and is operated on the 800 Mhz Band. Because it is analogous, the system used is still regional. One of the disadvantages of the 1-G generation is that its size is too large to be held by the hand. This large size is due to the need for power and poor battery performance. In addition, generation 1-G still has problems with user mobility. When making a call, user mobility is limited to the coverage of the mobile phone area.

1980's cellphone
For a decade later, Motorola has struggled more in the laboratory to perfect the prototypes of their hand-made cellphones. Until finally in 1983, the history of mobile phones was created when the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X appeared. This is the first mobile phone made commercially.



Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

The shape is still quite large and thick, when compared to current generation mobile phones. But his ability has far exceeded the prototype series. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X has a battery that lasts for 8 hours. In addition, the weight is only around 28 ounces or 793 grams. Still quite heavy but not too heavy when carried in the bag. However, since mobile phones were still rare, the selling price was quite fantastic. When first released to the public, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was sold at a price of 4,000 US dollars. Prices that can be called very expensive, even by the people of the United States.

Motorola research continues. Lapse about six years later, Motorola also created a mobile phone that is more user friendly. The size is much smaller with lighter weight. This mobile is named Motorola MicroTAC 9800X.



Motorola MicroTAC 9800X

The shape has begun to adapt the flip model which later became the characteristic of this manufacturer's handphone. A plastic antenna is seen on this cellphone. But this is more of a functionless accessory or simply a sweetener. The MicroTAC 9800X weighs 300 grams. While the battery endurance is only about 30 minutes. But it was quite pleasant for the people at that time because they no longer had to carry large and heavy cellphones in their bags.

The 1990s cellphone
The decade of the 1990s was arguably the era of mobile phone model and technology change. Until Motorola MicroTAC is created, a cellphone can only be used to receive and make phone calls.

Entering the third decade in the history of mobile phones, changes in mobile phone technology are happening so fast. In a way, the acceleration of technology in this decade has doubled compared to the previous era.

Since 1992, mobile phones have begun to be able to send SMS short messages. The first time there was an SMS in the world was when there was a Merry Christmas through the Vodafone network in the United States. In this era, smartphone milestones began to be embedded in the cellular world. Is IBM Simon which is touted as the world's first smartphone. This cellphone can function as a telephone, pager, fax machine, and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).



IBM Simon
In this era Motorola's glory in the cellular world began to rival Nokia. A company far in Finland. However, dare to present the latest technology with a more charming design. Like when releasing Nokia 7110. This is the first mobile phone that is equipped with WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology. So that allows each user to browse the internet.

 Nokia 7110
And, the most phenomenal of Nokia is when launching the 3210 series. This is the best-selling mobile phone in history. No fewer than 160 million Nokia 3210 were sold worldwide at that time.



Nokia 3210
Indonesia has also become the most widely used consumer of this mobile phone series so that it is referred to as "a million mobile phones". In fact, you could say 8 out of 10 mobile users in this era must have owned Nokia 3210. Maybe you are one of the users.

Generation 2 Mobile
The second generation or 2-G appeared around the 1990s. 2G in America already uses CDMA technology, while in Europe it uses GSM technology. GSM uses a standard frequency of 900 Mhz and a frequency of 1800 Mhz. With this frequency, GSM has greater customer capacity. In the 2G generation the analog signal has been replaced by a digital signal. The use of digital signals equips mobile phones with voice messages, call waiting, and SMS.

Cellphones in this generation also have smaller and lighter sizes due to the use of digital chip technology. Smaller size also due to the need for smaller battery power. The advantages of the 2G generation are smaller size and weight and lower radio signals, thereby reducing the effects of radiation that endangers the user.

Mobile 2000s
Nokia may be proud to have created the best-selling mobile phone in the history of the cellular world. However, they must admit that Sharp was the first to create a cellphone with a camera. The world's first camera cellphone was Sharp J-SH04 released in 2000.



Sharp J-SH04
Since then, the development of the cellular world has also accelerated. Mobile is no longer just to call or send short messages. A number of advanced features began to be inserted. Like when Blackberry released the 5810 series. This is a mobile phone that is connected to internet data in total. That is, the features available on this handphone will not function without a data connection.



Blackberry 5810

Motorola, which in the previous era competed great with Nokia, began to breathe a little. Because the RAZR series which was first released in 2004 was able to penetrate the sales figure of 50 million in mid-2006.



Motorola RAZR

In this era, the legendary Apple iPhone series was born. This cellphone from Steve Jobs has changed the perspective of the people who have been fixated on the standard keypad model. Apple offers mobile phones with touch screen technology. Apple is also responsive to developments in the data connection path. In 2007, Apple released a series of mobile phones that can be used on 3G data connections.



first iPhone

The development in the speed of the data connection is also what helped change the world mobile map. Apple also remains steadfast to always use their own operating system, iOS. In an era full of developments in this data connection, it turns out that the first party to release a cellphone using the Android operating system is actually HTC which released the Dream Slider series in 2008.



HTC Dream Slider

The presence of HTC Dream Slider has provoked many other manufacturers to make mobile phones that rely on the Android OS.
3rd Generation Mobile

This generation is also called 3G which allows network operators to give their users a wider range, including the internet as well as high-tech video calls. In 3G there are 3 standards for the world of telecommunications, namely Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000.

The disadvantages of this 3G generation are the relatively higher costs, and the lack of network coverage because of this new technology. But what's interesting about this generation is the inclusion of operating systems on cellphones, making mobile features more complete and even close to PC functions. The operating system used includes Symbian, Android and Windows Mobile.

Mobile cellphone 2010
Entering the fifth decade, the world of mobile phones was rocked by Blackberry fever. Especially in Indonesia, which had become the most Blackberry user in the world after the United States.



Some Blackberry models

Indonesia is often used as a reference for the success of the new Blackberry when released to the market. Therefore, Indonesia had become the place to launch the latest series of Blackberry before being sold to various countries in the world. However, the history of mobile phones also notes if the Blackberry is finally unable to compete with Android and iOS based mobile phones. After a long time surviving with the "QWERTY" model, the Blackberry also follows the tastes of the people who are more fond of touch screen models. Data access speed has reached the 4G level. And again, the first mobile phone capable of connecting to 4G data access is HTC.

HTC Evo, the first 4G smartphone

This Taiwanese manufacturer released the HTC Evo series which is the first smartphone that is in accordance with 4G standards. The technology that is carried is even more sophisticated. The first camera was only under 1 MP of quality, now the average cellphone is equipped with a minimum 5 MP camera. Many have even used cameras above 12 MP.



Examples of today's mobile models

The ability of the processor implanted in mobile phones continues to grow. Including greater memory and ROM capacity. Along with the need to store applications that are increasingly high.

4th Generation Mobile phone

This generation is also called Fourth Generation (4G). 4G is a mobile system that offers a new approach and infrastructure solutions that integrate existing wireless technologies including wireless broadband (WiBro), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and others.

The 4G system is based on the heterogeneity of IP networks that allows users to use a variety of systems anytime and anywhere. 4G also gives users high speed, high volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of different technologies. Finally, 4G provides fast data delivery services to accommodate various multimedia applications such as video conferencing, online games and others.

Blackberry Fever phenomenon
During 2008-2011, the world was rocked by the "BB virus" (read: BlackBerry). Interestingly, it does not only attack ordinary people, even the President of the United States, Barack Obama, is also sedated by this one virus. He was even more concerned with his BB than his security when he was president. It is not impossible before you become one of the people who drugged this virus. The BBM application available on this device does make people addicted to chatting with friends or partners. As a result of this phenomenon, BlackBerry shares increased dramatically to 28 trillion dollars. This is the heyday of BlackBerry. 

One of the BB mobile phones that had boomed at that time was the Dakota series. This mobile combines the touch screen with a QWERTY keyboard. Besides Dakota, there is also a BlackBerry Torch that carries a slide model.

Android and iOS Become New Faces
Unfortunately, the phenomenon of BB fever only lasts for approximately three years. There is fierce resistance from two big camps, namely Android and iOS, which mostly carry a touch screen without a keyboard. Despite trying to survive by releasing the BlackBerry 10 series that follows the style of Android and iOS, it turns out this series is not too sold on the market.

On September 29, 2016, BlackBerry officially "admitted" its defeat by stopping producing mobile phones. Now, BlackBerry swerves and focuses on developing software applications and security features on mobile phones. In addition, the chat application, BBM, can also be installed via an Android or iOS device.

Until this article was written, the mobile market conditions were still dominated by Android and iOS. While the Android operating system is widely used by other mobile manufacturers, Apple is still consistent in providing iOS exclusively for iPhone and iPad. For most people, basic needs are not just clothing, food, and shelter. Responsive and conducive mobile phones are also needed to fulfill daily needs. Now mobile phones are no longer exclusive, luxurious or rare items. If in the past only a handful of mobile phones were owned by a handful of people with a pocket, now, mobile vegetable makers are already smart to use mobile phones to interact with their communities.

The technology embedded in mobile phones is also increasingly sophisticated and growing rapidly. You might know that the iPhone X which will soon be released will no longer use fingerprints, but the Face ID that is enough to direct the face to the screen to open the handphone.


Reference:
https://bahasteknologi.com/ history-handphone/



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