HANDPHONE
TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Mobile phones are increasingly mushrooming
today as is the case with computers or laptops and tablets, but not many know
about the history of mobile phones and their development. Both from small
children to elderly people now use mobile phones to communicate.
Mobile
Definition of Mobile
phones
Cellphones or mobile phones, cellular phones
are electronic telecommunications devices that have the same basic capabilities
as conventional fixed line telephones, but can be carried everywhere (portable,
mobile) and do not need to be connected to a wired (wireless; wireless)
telephone network.
History of Mobile
phones
From a lot of literature The inventor of the
first mobile phone system was Martin Cooper, a worker at the Motorola
manufacturer in April 1973, although often mentioned the inventor of a
cellphone was a team from one of the Motorola divisions (the division where
Cooper worked) with the first model was DynaTAC. The idea that was coined by
Cooper was a communication device that was small and easy to carry around
flexibly.
Cooper and his team faced the challenge of
inserting all electronic material into the small sized device for the first
time. Finally, the first cellphone was successfully completed with a total
weight of two kilograms. To make it, the Motorola manufacturer costs
approximately US $ 1 million. "In 1983, portable cellphones worth US $ 4
thousand (Rp36 million), equivalent to US $ 10 thousand (Rp90 million).
After successfully producing cellphones, the
next biggest challenge was to adapt the infrastructure to support the mobile
communication system by creating a network system that only requires 3 MHz of
spectrum, equivalent to five TV channels channeled throughout the world.
Another figure who is known to be very
instrumental in the world of cellular communication is Amos Joel Jr. who was
born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, he is indeed recognized worldwide as an
expert in the field of switching. He received a bachelor's (1940) diploma and
master's degree (1942) in electronic engineering from MIT. Shortly after the
study, he began his career for 43 years (from July 1940-March 1983) at Bell
Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 American patents in the
telecommunications sector, especially in the field of switching. Amos E Joel
Jr., made a mobile switching system from one cell region to another cell
region. This switching must work when mobile users move or move from one cell
to another so that the conversation is not interrupted. Because of Amos Joel's
invention, the use of cellphones has become comfortable.
Mobile phones Development
Early
Generation Mobile phones
The history of the invention of cellular
phones is inseparable from the development of radio technology. The beginning
of the invention of cellular phones began in 1921 when the Detroit Michigan
Police Department tried to use a one-way car phone. Then, in 1928 the Detroit
Police began using one-way radio communications on all patrol cars with a
frequency of 2MHz.
In
subsequent developments, radio communication developed into two directions with
"frequency modulated" (FM). In 1940, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation
(now Motorola) developed a portable Handie-talkie SCR536, which means a tool of
communication on the battlefield during World War II. This period is the
generation of 0 cellular phones or 0-G, where cellular phones are being
introduced.
After
issuing SCR536, then in 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation issued the first
two-way partable FM radio which was named SCR300 with a backpack model for the
U.S army. This tool weighs about 35 pounds and can work effectively within 10
to 20 miles of operating distance.
The
0-G cellular telephone system still uses a VHF radio system to connect
telephones directly to PSTNlandline. The weakness of this system is the problem
in the congestion network which then raises efforts to replace this system.
Generation
0 ended with the discovery of a modern concept by engineers from Bell Labs in
1947. They discovered the concept of using hexagonal telephones as the basis of
cellular phones. However, this concept was only developed in the 1960s.
Generation
1 Mobile phones
First generation mobile phones are also
called 1G. 1-G is the first real mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper from
Motorola Corp invented the first cellphone and was introduced to the public on
April 3, 1973. The cellular phone found by Cooper weighed 30 ounces or about
800 grams. This discovery has changed the world forever.
Martin Cooper
Martin Cooper, who called Bel Labs officials
who were the main rivals in the telecommunications business in the United
States at the time. At that time, Cooper proudly mentioned that the
communication he was using was using a cellphone. Important notes also appeared
in the history of the world's mobile phones in New York, United States. The
cellphone that Cooper uses to make calls to his business rivals is Motorola
DynaTAC (DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage). This is a mobile prototype made
by Motorola.
The technology used 1-G is still analogous
and is known as AMPS. AMPS uses a frequency between 825 Mhz-894 Mhz and is
operated on the 800 Mhz Band. Because it is analogous, the system used is still
regional. One of the disadvantages of the 1-G generation is that its size is
too large to be held by the hand. This large size is due to the need for power
and poor battery performance. In addition, generation 1-G still has problems with
user mobility. When making a call, user mobility is limited to the coverage of
the mobile phone area.
1980's cellphone
For a decade later, Motorola has struggled
more in the laboratory to perfect the prototypes of their hand-made cellphones.
Until finally in 1983, the history of mobile phones was created when the
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X appeared. This is the first mobile phone made
commercially.
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
The shape is still quite large and thick,
when compared to current generation mobile phones. But his ability has far
exceeded the prototype series. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X has a battery that
lasts for 8 hours. In addition, the weight is only around 28 ounces or 793
grams. Still quite heavy but not too heavy when carried in the bag. However,
since mobile phones were still rare, the selling price was quite fantastic.
When first released to the public, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was sold at a
price of 4,000 US dollars. Prices that can be called very expensive, even by
the people of the United States.
Motorola research continues. Lapse about six
years later, Motorola also created a mobile phone that is more user friendly.
The size is much smaller with lighter weight. This mobile is named Motorola
MicroTAC 9800X.
Motorola MicroTAC 9800X
The shape has begun to adapt the flip model
which later became the characteristic of this manufacturer's handphone. A
plastic antenna is seen on this cellphone. But this is more of a functionless
accessory or simply a sweetener. The MicroTAC 9800X weighs 300 grams. While the
battery endurance is only about 30 minutes. But it was quite pleasant for the
people at that time because they no longer had to carry large and heavy
cellphones in their bags.
The 1990s cellphone
The decade of the 1990s was arguably the era
of mobile phone model and technology change. Until Motorola MicroTAC is
created, a cellphone can only be used to receive and make phone calls.
Entering the third decade in the history of
mobile phones, changes in mobile phone technology are happening so fast. In a
way, the acceleration of technology in this decade has doubled compared to the
previous era.
Since 1992, mobile phones have begun to be
able to send SMS short messages. The first time there was an SMS in the world
was when there was a Merry Christmas through the Vodafone network in the United
States. In this era, smartphone milestones began to be embedded in the cellular
world. Is IBM Simon which is touted as the world's first smartphone. This
cellphone can function as a telephone, pager, fax machine, and PDA (Personal
Digital Assistant).
IBM Simon
In this era Motorola's glory in the cellular
world began to rival Nokia. A company far in Finland. However, dare to present
the latest technology with a more charming design. Like when releasing Nokia
7110. This is the first mobile phone that is equipped with WAP (Wireless
Application Protocol) technology. So that allows each user to browse the
internet.
Nokia 7110
And, the most phenomenal of Nokia is when
launching the 3210 series. This is the best-selling mobile phone in history. No
fewer than 160 million Nokia 3210 were sold worldwide at that time.
Nokia 3210
Indonesia has also become the most widely
used consumer of this mobile phone series so that it is referred to as "a
million mobile phones". In fact, you could say 8 out of 10 mobile users in
this era must have owned Nokia 3210. Maybe you are one of the users.
Generation
2 Mobile
The second generation or 2-G appeared around
the 1990s. 2G in America already uses CDMA technology, while in Europe it uses
GSM technology. GSM uses a standard frequency of 900 Mhz and a frequency of
1800 Mhz. With this frequency, GSM has greater customer capacity. In the 2G
generation the analog signal has been replaced by a digital signal. The use of
digital signals equips mobile phones with voice messages, call waiting, and
SMS.
Cellphones in this generation also have
smaller and lighter sizes due to the use of digital chip technology. Smaller
size also due to the need for smaller battery power. The advantages of the 2G
generation are smaller size and weight and lower radio signals, thereby
reducing the effects of radiation that endangers the user.
Mobile 2000s
Nokia may be proud to have created the
best-selling mobile phone in the history of the cellular world. However, they
must admit that Sharp was the first to create a cellphone with a camera. The
world's first camera cellphone was Sharp J-SH04 released in 2000.
Sharp J-SH04
Since then, the development of the cellular
world has also accelerated. Mobile is no longer just to call or send short
messages. A number of advanced features began to be inserted. Like when
Blackberry released the 5810 series. This is a mobile phone that is connected
to internet data in total. That is, the features available on this handphone
will not function without a data connection.
Blackberry 5810
Motorola, which in the previous era competed
great with Nokia, began to breathe a little. Because the RAZR series which was
first released in 2004 was able to penetrate the sales figure of 50 million in
mid-2006.
Motorola RAZR
In this era, the legendary Apple iPhone
series was born. This cellphone from Steve Jobs has changed the perspective of
the people who have been fixated on the standard keypad model. Apple offers
mobile phones with touch screen technology. Apple is also responsive to
developments in the data connection path. In 2007, Apple released a series of
mobile phones that can be used on 3G data connections.
first iPhone
The development in the speed of the data
connection is also what helped change the world mobile map. Apple also remains steadfast
to always use their own operating system, iOS. In an era full of developments
in this data connection, it turns out that the first party to release a
cellphone using the Android operating system is actually HTC which released the
Dream Slider series in 2008.
HTC Dream Slider
The presence of HTC Dream Slider has
provoked many other manufacturers to make mobile phones that rely on the
Android OS.
3rd
Generation Mobile
This generation is also called 3G which
allows network operators to give their users a wider range, including the
internet as well as high-tech video calls. In 3G there are 3 standards for the
world of telecommunications, namely Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000.
The disadvantages of this 3G generation are
the relatively higher costs, and the lack of network coverage because of this
new technology. But what's interesting about this generation is the inclusion
of operating systems on cellphones, making mobile features more complete and
even close to PC functions. The operating system used includes Symbian, Android
and Windows Mobile.
Mobile cellphone 2010
Entering the fifth decade, the world of
mobile phones was rocked by Blackberry fever. Especially in Indonesia, which
had become the most Blackberry user in the world after the United States.
Some Blackberry models
Indonesia is often used as a reference for
the success of the new Blackberry when released to the market. Therefore,
Indonesia had become the place to launch the latest series of Blackberry before
being sold to various countries in the world. However, the history of mobile
phones also notes if the Blackberry is finally unable to compete with Android
and iOS based mobile phones. After a long time surviving with the
"QWERTY" model, the Blackberry also follows the tastes of the people
who are more fond of touch screen models. Data access speed has reached the 4G
level. And again, the first mobile phone capable of connecting to 4G data
access is HTC.
HTC Evo, the first 4G smartphone
This Taiwanese manufacturer released the HTC
Evo series which is the first smartphone that is in accordance with 4G
standards. The technology that is carried is even more sophisticated. The first
camera was only under 1 MP of quality, now the average cellphone is equipped
with a minimum 5 MP camera. Many have even used cameras above 12 MP.
Examples of today's mobile models
The ability of the processor implanted in
mobile phones continues to grow. Including greater memory and ROM capacity.
Along with the need to store applications that are increasingly high.
4th Generation Mobile phone
This generation is also called Fourth
Generation (4G). 4G is a mobile system that offers a new approach and
infrastructure solutions that integrate existing wireless technologies
including wireless broadband (WiBro), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth,
and others.
The
4G system is based on the heterogeneity of IP networks that allows users to use
a variety of systems anytime and anywhere. 4G also gives users high speed, high
volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of
different technologies. Finally, 4G provides fast data delivery services to
accommodate various multimedia applications such as video conferencing, online
games and others.
Blackberry Fever
phenomenon
During 2008-2011, the world was rocked by
the "BB virus" (read: BlackBerry). Interestingly, it does not only
attack ordinary people, even the President of the United States, Barack Obama,
is also sedated by this one virus. He was even more concerned with his BB than
his security when he was president. It is not impossible before you become one
of the people who drugged this virus. The BBM application available on this
device does make people addicted to chatting with friends or partners. As a
result of this phenomenon, BlackBerry shares increased dramatically to 28
trillion dollars. This is the heyday of BlackBerry.
One of the BB mobile phones that had boomed
at that time was the Dakota series. This mobile combines the touch screen with
a QWERTY keyboard. Besides Dakota, there is also a BlackBerry Torch that
carries a slide model.
Android and iOS
Become New Faces
Unfortunately, the phenomenon of BB fever
only lasts for approximately three years. There is fierce resistance from two
big camps, namely Android and iOS, which mostly carry a touch screen without a
keyboard. Despite trying to survive by releasing the BlackBerry 10 series that
follows the style of Android and iOS, it turns out this series is not too sold on
the market.
On
September 29, 2016, BlackBerry officially "admitted" its defeat by
stopping producing mobile phones. Now, BlackBerry swerves and focuses on
developing software applications and security features on mobile phones. In
addition, the chat application, BBM, can also be installed via an Android or
iOS device.
Until
this article was written, the mobile market conditions were still dominated by
Android and iOS. While the Android operating system is widely used by other
mobile manufacturers, Apple is still consistent in providing iOS exclusively
for iPhone and iPad. For most people, basic needs are not just clothing, food,
and shelter. Responsive and conducive mobile phones are also needed to fulfill
daily needs. Now mobile phones are no longer exclusive, luxurious or rare
items. If in the past only a handful of mobile phones were owned by a handful
of people with a pocket, now, mobile vegetable makers are already smart to use
mobile phones to interact with their communities.
The technology embedded in mobile phones is
also increasingly sophisticated and growing rapidly. You might know that the
iPhone X which will soon be released will no longer use fingerprints, but the
Face ID that is enough to direct the face to the screen to open the handphone.
Reference:
https://bahasteknologi.com/
history-handphone/
This is good information
BalasHapus