CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HOW PENDULUM & MECHANICAL CLOCK WORKS (English Version)

CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HOW PENDULUM & MECHANICAL CLOCK WORKS

Here, the author will explain how the pendulum clock or pendulum clock works and the Mechanical Clock.

Pendulum Clock (Pendulum)

Pendulum clock is an ancient item that used to be very popular, maybe some people still have it in their home.

The clock that looks like a cupboard, then at the top there is a circle that shows time, like the clock we now know, then at the bottom there is a pendulum that swings right and left. It was a very popular pendulum clock in the 18-19 century.

Understanding The Pendulum

The pendulum is interpreted as "pendulum that depends on a rope (chain and so on) or a relatively long hanger". The simple pendulum is a load that is hung by a rope or it can also be a load that is hung by statif (iron rod). The weight of the load must be far greater than the weight of the rope / stative that hangs it. Simple pictures like this:

Example of a simple pendulum. Red: pendulum, Blue: rope.

When a pendulum is moved / swung it will occur back and forth. In a perfect vacuum, this alternating motion will continue continuously because there is no air resistance (Hk. Newton 1).

Concept of Oscillation / Knocking

Oscillation or knock is the concept of repetitive movements regularly / regularly. Galileo had previously defined that one of the simple pendulum traits was the movement back and forth to its initial position (1 oscillation / knock) needed the same time even though the distance traveled by the pendulum was different. Try to observe this picture:

Simple pendulum

Based on Galileo's observations, the time needed for the pendulum to move from point 3 (as the starting point) then to point 5, swinging towards point 1 and returning to point 3 will be the same if the pendulum moves from point 3 (as the starting point) then goes to point 4, swing to point 2 and return to point 3. This can be proven by yourself at home.

So the travel time from the starting point to the first maximum position point (right) then turns to the second maximum position (left) and returns to the starting point to be stable (fixed) at a specified time unit (a few seconds).

Pendulum

The nature of this pendulum supports the calculation of time, because the motion of the pendulum exposed to air resistance will not affect the calculation of the amount of oscillation. If interested, please see the demo video here (English):

How Pendulum Clock works 

Now the movement of the pendulum from returning to its original state can be calculated in a certain unit of time. Suppose for one movement to return to its original position it turns out that it takes 0.5 seconds. Then it is called 2 oscillations / second. This is the frequency concept that we have learned in junior high school:

f = beat time

f = nt

Simply stated, you also know that we can calculate time based on the number of beats of the pendulum. Suppose the pendulum moves 2 times in 1 second. So if he moves 20 times means the time running is 10 seconds.

The pendulum oscillation movement is only influenced by the length of the pendulum's arm / arm and the moment of its inertia. So by making a standard length of rope / pendulum arm we will be able to determine a certain unit of time.

For example, so that a pendulum can move one oscillation per second, then the length of the pendulum arm is around 0.994 meters. That is if the pendulum's arm is a piece of rope whose mass is very small compared to the load.

This means that if the pendulum arm is made of metal and the mass is somewhat larger, the length of the arm must be reduced. Here is the role of the designer pendulum clock to make a pendulum design with arm length and standard material.

This is what underlies why the pendulum clock is up to one large closet. Because many designers designed the clock to make one oscillation every second, so the length of the pendulum arm was approximately 1 meter.

The design, mechanism of the gear wheel on the inside of the clock and how to detect the beats is rather difficult for me to explain because it needs to understand images in 3D. If you are interested you can learn here (English):

How the Mechanical Clock Works

After the development of the pendulum clock, then in the 17th century we entered the era of portable clocks. This begins with the discovery of an object that is able to perform repetitive oscillation movements regularly. The object is a spiral spring (spring).

The mechanical clock component uses a spring

By using oscillating movements from the spring, we can record time more precisely because the spring movement can be far more sensitive than the pendulum. A much faster spring frequency also makes clock accuracy even higher. Please see how it works here (English):

If previously many used the pendulum clock with an accuracy of one oscillation / second. Then with this spring clock can reach 144 oscillations / second. This means that the existence of this spring clock increases the accuracy of the clock to 10 minutes per day compared to the pendulum clock.

Because the spring clock is portable and even becomes a watch, the size of the components is getting smaller. The small size of the components must be supported by a smooth and non-resistance gear surface.

The smaller the clock, the more slippery gear and components are needed so that there is no resistance in touch between gears. Because the resistance is there because the rough gear surface can reduce clock accuracy.

Because the required gear parts are slippery and perfectly resistant, this is what makes hourly prices soar on the market.

Maybe now you see the use of diamonds at the clock displayed on the outside as ornaments. But the craftsmen of watches in the past used diamond-class stones to be made into the inner gear of the clock because the material properties were very slippery, hard, strong and not affected by magnets. That's what causes the trend of the price of watches that are crazy even today.

Conclusion

From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the basic concept of the workings of pendulum clocks and mechanical clocks is to calculate the frequency of repetitive movements (oscillations) that occur in the pendulum or spring.

In addition, at this time scientists have known that oscillations also occur in atoms in the form of waves, so waves on these atoms can be used as new concepts in more accurate measurement of time.

Reference:

https://mystupidtheory.com/cara-kerja-jam-bandul-dan-jam-mekanik/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1XBb7kJJWg&t=251s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDZHlcjQnOo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSipEsvG9-U

TEKNOLOGI JAM: CARA KERJA JAM BANDUL & JAM MEKANIK

TEKNOLOGI JAM: CARA KERJA JAM BANDUL & JAM MEKANIK

Disini penulis akan menjelaskan bagaimana cara kerja jam bandul atau jam pendulum dan Jam Mekanik.

Jam Bandul (Pendulum)

Jam Pendulum atau dalam bahasa indonesia lebih dikenal sebagai jam bandul ini adalah barang kuno yang dulu sangat populer, mungkin beberapa orang masih punya di rumahnya.

Jam yang bentuknya seperti lemari, kemudian di bagian atasnya ada lingkaran yang menunjukkan waktu, seperti jam yang sekarang kita kenal, kemudian di bagian bawahnya ada pendulum yang berayun kanan kiri. Itu adalah jam pendulum yang sangat populer pada abad ke 18-19.

Pengertian Pendulum

Di dalam kamus besar bahasa Indonesia, pendulum diartikan sebagai “bandul yang bergantung pada seutas tali (rantai dan sebagainya) atau gantungan yang relatif panjang”. Pendulum sederhana itu berupa beban yang digantungkan dengan tali atau bisa juga beban yang digantungan oleh statif (batang besi). Berat dari beban tersebut harus jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan berat tali/statif yang menggantungnya. Gambar sederhananya seperti ini:

Contoh pendulum sederhana. Merah: bandul, Biru: tali.

Ketika sebuah pendulum itu digerakkan/diayunkan maka akan terjadi gerakan bolak balik. Di dalam ruang vakum sempurna, gerakan bolak-balik ini akan berlangsung terus menerus karena tidak ada resistensi udara (Hk. Newton 1).

Konsep Osilasi/Ketukan

Osilasi atau ketukan ialah konsep gerakan yang berulang-ulang secara teratur/reguler.

Galileo sebelumnya telah mendefinisikan bahwa salah satu sifat pendulum sederhana ialah gerakan bolak balik ke posisi awalnya (1 osilasi/ketukan) memerlukan waktu yang sama walaupun jarak yang ditempuh oleh pendulum berbeda-beda. Coba amati gambar ini:

Pendulum Sederhana

Berdasarkan pengamatan Galileo, waktu yang dibutuhkan pendulum untuk bergerak dari titik 3 (sebagai titik awal) kemudian menuju ke titik 5, berayun menuju titik 1 dan kembali ke titik 3 akan sama dengan jika pendulum bergerak dari titik 3 (sebagai titik awal) kemudian menuju ke titik 4, berayun menuju ke titik 2 dan kembali ke titik 3. Ini dapat dibuktikan sendiri di rumah.

Jadi waktu perjalanan dari titik awal menuju ke titik posisi maksimum pertama (kanan) kemudian berbalik ke posisi maksimum kedua (kiri) dan kembali ke titik awal akan stabil(tetap) pada satuan waktu tertentu (beberapa detik). 

Pendulum

Sifat dari pendulum ini mendukung untuk perhitungan waktu, sebab gerakan pendulum yang terkena resistensi udara tidak akan berpengaruh terhadap perhitungan jumlah osilasinya. 

Cara Kerja Jam Bandul / Pendulum

Nah gerakan dari pendulum dari kembali ke keadaan asalnya dapat kita hitung dalam satuan waktu tertentu. Misalkan untuk satu gerakan hingga kembali ke posisi awalnya ternyata memerlukan 0.5 detik. Maka disebut 2 osilasi /detik. Ini konsep frekuensi yang sudah kita pelajari di sekolah menengah pertama:

f=ketukanwaktu

f=nt

Secara sederhana kalian juga pasti sudah tahu kalau kita bisa menghitung waktu berdasarkan dari jumlah ketukan pendulumnya. Misalkan pendulumnya bergerak sebanyak 2 kali dalam 1detik. Maka jika ia bergerak 20 kali berarti waktu yang berjalan ialah 10 detik.

Gerakan osilasi pendulum itu hanya dipengaruhi oleh panjang tali/lengan pendulum tersebut dan momen inersianya.  Maka dengan membuat standard panjang tali/lengan pendulum kita akan dapat menentukan satuan waktu tertentu.

Misalkan, agar sebuah pendulum dapat bergerak satu osilasi perdetik maka diperlukan panjang lengan pendulum sekitar 0.994 meter. Itu jika lengan pendulumnya berupa seutas tali yang massanya sangat kecil dibandingkan beban.

Artinya jika lengan pendulumnya terbuat dari logam dan massanya agak lebih besar maka panjang lengannya harus dikurangin. Di sinilah peran dari desainer jam pendulum untuk membuat desain pendulum dengan panjang lengan dan bahan yang standard.

Inilah yang mendasari kenapa jam pendulum itu ukurannya hingga satu lemari besar. Sebab banyak desainer yang mendesain jam-nya agar melakukan satu osilasi setiap detiknya, sehingga perlu panjang lengan pendulum kurang lebih 1meter.

Desain, mekanisme dari roda gir di bagian dalam jam dan cara mendeteksi ketukannya agak sulit untuk aku jelaskan karena perlu pemahaman gambar dalam 3D. Kalau kalian tertarik dapat kalian pelajari di sini (B. Inggris):

Cara Kerja Jam Mekanik

Setelah perkembangan jam pendulum, kemudian pada abad ke 17 kita memasuki era jam portabel. Ini diawali dengan ditemukannya sebuah benda yang mampu melakukan gerakan osilasi berulang-ulang secara teratur. Benda itu adalah pegas spiral (spring). 

Komponen jam mekanik menggunakan pegas

Dengan menggunakan gerakan osilasi dari pegas, kita dapat mencatat waktu dengan jauh lebih tepat sebab gerakan pegas bisa jauh lebih sensitif dari pendulum. Frekuensi gerak pegas yang jauh lebih cepat juga membuat akurasi jam menjadi lebih tinggi lagi. Silahkan lihat cara kerjanya di sini (B. Inggris):

Jika sebelumnya banyak yang menggunakan jam pendulum dengan akurasi satu osilasi/ detik. Maka dengan jam pegas ini dapat mencapai 144 osilasi /detik. Artinya keberadaan jam pegas ini meningkatkan akurasi jam hingga 10menit perharinya jika dibandingkan dengan jam pendulum.

Karena jam pegas ini dibuat portabel bahkan menjadi jam tangan, maka ukuran dari komponen-komponennya semakin kecil. Ukuran komponen yang kecil harus didukung dengan permukaan gir yang licin dan tanpa resistensi.

Semakin kecil jam tersebut maka diperlukan gir dan komponen yang semakin licin agar tidak terdapat resistensi dalam sentuhan antar gir. Sebab resistensi yang ada karena permukaan gir yang kasar dapat mengurangi akurasi jam.

Karena diperlukannya komponen gir yang licin dan tahan sempurna maka inilah yang membuat harga-harga jam melambung tinggi di pasaran.

Mungkin sekarang kalian melihat penggunaan berlian di jam itu ditampilkan di bagian luar sebagai ornamen. Tetapi pengrajin jam tangan di masa lalu itu menggunakan batu-batu sekelas berlian untuk dijadikan gir bagian dalam jam karena sifat materialnya yan sangat licin, keras, kuat dan tidak terpengaruh magnet. Itu yang menyebabkan trend harga jam tangan yang gila-gilaan bahkan hingga saat ini.

Kesimpulan

Dari penjelasan diatas dapat di simpulkan  bahwa konsep dasar dari cara kerja jam bandul dan jam mekanik ialah menghitung frekuensi dari gerakan berulang-ulang (osilasi) yang terjadi pada pendulum ataupun pegas. 

Selain itu, saat ini ilmuwan sudah mengetahui bahwa osilasi itu juga terjadi pada atom berupa gelombang, maka gelombang pada atom tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai konsep baru dalam pengukuran waktu yang lebih akurat.

Referensi:

https://mystupidtheory.com/cara-kerja-jam-bandul-dan-jam-mekanik/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1XBb7kJJWg&t=251s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDZHlcjQnOo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSipEsvG9-U

CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT (English Version)

CLOCK TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

HISTORY OF CLOCK AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

In the past before there was technology, people distinguish time only day and night, that is by looking at the sun. But if the weather does not support it like rain, it is cloudy how do people in ancient times know the time? And people in ancient times were able to determine time accurately and precisely. In this article we will discuss the history of the watch and its development.

The term word watch has been used in the 14th century, which comes from the Latin word "clocca". The following is the development of the watch from time to time.

Sun clock

 

Sun clock

The oldest clock is called a Sundial or sun clock. The sun clock was first used around 3,500 BC. This clock shows the time based on the position of the sun, the way that is by using shadows that fall on a flat surface which is then marked with hours in one day. But what if the sky is cloudy or rainy, then the clock will not function

 Calendar obelisk

Egyptian society in the years 5,000-6,000 years ago measured time and made calendars using obelisks.

Sand clock

 

The world's first sand clock

This sand clock is made of tubular glass which narrows in the middle and filled with fine sand in it, time is measured based on the volume of sand flowing down slowly. According to some hourglass experts were created in Alexandria around the middle of the third century. Another opinion, the first hourglass is expected to appear in 1338 based on Allegory of Good Government paintings from Ambrogio Lorenzetti Jam Pasir first appeared around 1400 BC, this was concluded from the discovery of an object in the Amenhoterp I grave, a relic of a small vessel containing water that has a hole in the part below that is useful for dripping water.

Water clock

Egyptians are known for their high culture and intellectuals compared to other societies in other places. Water clocks were found in Egypt and were named clepsydra (kleph-sur-druh), in 1400 BC.

Water clock

A Muslim scientist named al-Jazari has created a clock that is different from before this hour already using a mechanical device, this clock is called a water clock because it uses water power to move a mechanical device.

 

Thanks to his mechanical abilities, al-Jazari is noted to be able to assemble several types of water clocks. "One of them, a hydropower clock one meter high and one and a half meters wide. The clock was successfully reconstructed at the Science Museum in 1976," Donald Routledge Hill said in his A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Al-Jazari also able to make water clocks in the form of elephants. In fact, the clock made by al-Jazari was able to produce sound. In al-Jazari's manuscript, the watch is the earliest clock that uses a flow regulator, a closed-hole system and an automatic like a bird watch.

This clock is the first hour with automatic reactions in time intervals. This clock uses a human (humanoid) robot that collides with claws and a mechanical bird robot automatically whistles.

This water clock is also known as the first clock that can record time accurately to match the length of unequal days throughout the year Jam al-Jazari is full of ideas and techniques that are important to the history of machine design.

Water clock

Analog clock

Then found an analog clock that has a working principle that is almost the same as a water clock but in a smaller size. The analog clock has a needle in the middle and rotates continuously in time, the analog clock uses a spring principle and a combination of gear in it is moved by a battery that functions as its driving force, as we still use today, for example wall clocks.

Analog clock

Digital clock

The clock continues to evolve from time to time looking for a better and more accurate form of technological development where everything has been made in digital form and many people have abandoned analog technology and switched to digital technology so that digital clocks were created which were refinements of analog and first clocks was produced by the company The Hamilton Watch Co. of Lancarter in Pennsylvania in the 1950s, the clock was used using a microcontoller in it which had been given a series of up-counting systems that were a simple digital circuit and used the working principle of a rising enumerator whose power worked with asynchronous way. Namely the counter that is on the opposite end is used to indicate the number one of the seconds originating from the source of the beat, then the enumerator is then triggered by the previous enumerator so that it can display time in the form of numbers.

Digital clock

As time went on, in the 1950s Digital clock was first created by The Hamilton Watch Co. of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, this is the company that first made an electric / digital watch. After that came several well-known brands of watches to date.

R*lex-james-bond

R * lex clock is one of the most famous brands in the world, this watch became very famous when the emergence of the 007 James Bond film 'On Her Majesty's Secret Service' in 1969. In a scene, Bond, played by George Lazenby wearing a clock r * Lex Oyster in various actions. Because it is very popular, a r * lex watch designed specifically for women is known as the R * lex Oyster Datejust Lady made of stainless steel with two datejust buttons, diamond-studded, and waterproof.

GB-X6900B-1_1677rbGGB-X6900B-1_1677rbG

Sh * ock is another well-known brand in the world. This GSh * ock watch is a manufacturer from Casio. His debut began in 1983 and until now the GSh * ock watch is very popular with Hollywood artists. As many enthusiasts, Casio produces Baby G as a companion of GSh * ock. until the 1990s, the G-SH * OCK and BABY-G line became popular, especially by celebrities such as Kanye West, Gabe Kling, Matt Hammer, Spike Lee, Lil 'Wayne, Jordin Sparks, Lady Gaga and Nick Cannon on the red carpet, video clips, to the fashion events they attended. Unique design with a variety of colors.

ODM clock

The designs are original, unique, and not easily imitated, making ODMs in great demand today, especially among teenagers. This digital watch has become a new breakthrough especially for the world of clock design and timekeeping, starting from the way it is used which resembles a bracelet and material made of silicon. In addition, the colors that resemble jelly are very attractive, and can be used by girls or boys (unisex watch).

In this era of modern life, watches have become important accessories in the daily activities of everyone's lives. When the technology is not as sophisticated as it is today, watches are the single most efficient pointing device in the midst of busy daily activities. Although there are now gadgets to show time, still the role of watches cannot be shifted. Both men and women need wristwatch accessories to appear neater and elegant in public, especially by using branded watches and original watches. Let's look at what are the benefits, uses and benefits of using a watch:

1. Efficient Timers

Although there are now gadgets to show time, the role of the watch as the most efficient timepiece cannot be moved. We can check the time faster with a watch without having to remove the gadget from the pocket first.

2. Looks more elegant

Now the assessment of other people is usually first seen from the appearance and neatness of the person. By using a watch, someone will look neater, more elegant in the eyes of others. Someone who uses a watch will look like they have a busy life.

3. Higher social status

By using an original watch, a branded watch, or someone's expensive watch will look higher in rank than others.

4. Increase self-confidence

Shown with neatness and original watches make you appear more confident and excited in daily activities.

5. Set the time more regularly

By using a watch, you will be more organized to check the time so that it is easier and more accustomed to managing the time for daily activities.

Reference:

http://lastridwi.blogspot.com/

http://www.moment.co.id/sejarah-jam-tangan-dan-perkembangannya/

http://danish56.blogspot.com/2012/02/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-jam.html

https://vandzy.blogspot.com/2016/03/perkembangan-jam-dari-masa-ke-masa.html