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Minggu, 20 Januari 2019

CAR TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND ITS TYPE (English Version)


CAR TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND ITS TYPE


INTRODUCTION
Cars are not separated from Automotive, Automotive Engineering is one of the branches of mechanical engineering that learns about how to design, create and develop land transportation equipment that uses machinery, especially motorcycles, cars, buses and trucks. Automotive engineering combines elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, safety and environmental knowledge as well as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and management.

Branches of automotive engineering include: Planning (Product or Design), Development (Development), Production (Manufacturing), Maintenance (Maintenance).


Automotive Technology

In Automotive Technology, mastering systems that have land transportation equipment is a must. The system consists of several main systems and dozens of subsystems. The system can be grouped: Engine (engine), internal combustion engine, fuel system (fuel system), fuel tank, fuel pump, carburetor or fuel injection system, ignition system (ignition system), system air intake in the combustion chamber (intake system), combustion air exhaust system (exhaust system), cooling system (cooling system), lubrication system (lubricating system), wheel balance system (spooring balancing), power transfer (power train), system transmission (transmission system), drive circuit (drive train), transfer case (for 4 wheel drive), final drive (final drive), wheel (wheel), steering system (steering system), suspension system (suspension system), brake system (brake system), body, electrical system (electrical system).

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Cars have become a part of modern human life. The existence of a car greatly helps human mobility when carrying out daily activities. Especially now, the model and type of car has been very diverse. Starting from the family wagon or now better known as sports utility vehicle (SUV), to the luxury sedan class that gives more comfort.

The machines offered are also very diverse. Like the 1,000-1,500 cc class for urban cars. Or a car with engine over 2,000 cc that is widely used by cars with four-wheel drive. But this time we will not discuss the existing car variants. Next time we will explore the history of the car. What is the process and development of cars from the 19th century to entering the second millennium?

Pre-1880s
Long before other people thought of something that could bring them to another place more youthfully, Leonardo da Vinci had made the concept of "car" in 1478. This concept had not yet used a machine and was still a sketch on paper.

CAR (short for automobiles originating from Greek 'autos' (own) and Latin 'movére' (moving)) are four or more wheeled vehicles carrying their own engines. Types of cars include buses, vans, trucks. The operation of the car is called driving.

If what is meant by a car like now, it is quite difficult to determine who the inventor is. The car actually consists of thousands of components that are found and developed in stages. However, it can be mentioned that Nicolaus J. Cugnot was the first person to successfully launch a large-body, three-wheeled and steam engine. This vehicle was used to pull cannons in 1769.
This image is a picture where, the vehicle created by Nicolaus J. Cugnot was crashing into a wall. And this accident was recorded as the first car accident in the world


The vehicle created by Nicolaus J. Cugnot

After that another engineer who made a similar vehicle was William Murdock who worked with James Watt from England. they succeeded in developing and launching a steam engine in 1784.


Sketch of a steam car

Richard Trevitchick

Richard Trevitchick also managed to make and launch a steam engine vehicle. In 1830, a six-wheeled vehicle created by Sir Goldswarthy Gurnay was able to glide at 25km / h. Until the early 20th century, various steam engine vehicles continued to be created even though steam engines were dangerous because they often exploded.

Since the mid-19th century, the design of cars has been growing rapidly. in 1860, Jean Joseph E. Lenoir, from France, succeeded in creating a combustion engine in a mixture of coal and gas and a mixture of atmospheric air. This machine works without compression, where a mixture of fuel and air is inserted into the cylinder when the piston is at the step, then ignited with a fire extinguisher (spark plug), so that the gas pressure in the cylinder rises pushing the piston to the end of the step and removing the combustion . The efficiency of this machine is only 5% but is capable of producing power up to 6DK.
Hundreds of years later, a motorized vehicle began to be made human. Using this steam engine was used to help move the needs of the French military in the 1870s in carrying war equipment. This steam engine is assisted by three drive wheels. The speed at that time was believed to be the same as human speed when walking.

Decade of 1880
The discovery of a diesel engine in 1882 became an important chapter in the history of the car. Precisely in January 1882, when a diesel-fueled engine was introduced and then widely used by the community. When first made, this diesel engine emerged as a milestone because it was able to make a more efficient engine in fuel use. Diesel engines continue to be developed and are still used as one of the car's engines.


The forerunner to the 1886 car

After that the vehicle appeared with a gasoline engine. Using three wheels as a driver, this vehicle was created by a German engine engineer, Karl Benz in 1885.

Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz

Not to be outdone, in the United States Henry Ford had built his first car in 1886. This was the forerunner of cars in the modern era.

At the same time a variety of new inventions have developed that improve the performance of old machines. In 1886, Nicolaus A. Otto and Eagen Langen succeeded in developing an atmospheric pressurized engine inserted into the cylinder, ignited by a high pressure combustion gas which was able to push the piston to carry out expansion steps to dispose of the combustion gas. The efficiency obtained by this machine is 11%. Otto's machine was called a 4-step engine and was patented in 1876
 
Sketch of early 19th century fuel cars


Charles E - Frank Duryea

In 1890 Charles E and Frank Duryea from the US succeeded in creating the first gasoline engine. In 1898 Louis Renault invented the driving rod instead of a chain that had been used to move engine power to the wheel. Three years earlier, Renault also created a water-cooled engine. In 1911, Cadillac Automobile Co., succeeded in creating an electric starter, electric ignition with coils and batteries instead of the crank starter. In 1922, air-filled rubber tires in lieu of dead tires or ankle tires were first introduced.

The car "Velo" Karl Benz (1894).

The first car patent in the United States was given to Oliver Evans in 1789; in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first car, which was not only the first car in the US but was also the first amphibious vehicle, whose steam-powered vehicles were able to travel on land using wheels and in water using padel wheels.

Generally the first car combustion engine that used gasoline was made almost simultaneously in 1886 by a German inventor who worked separately. Carl Benz on July 3, 1886 in Mannheim, and Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart.

On November 5, 1895, George B. Selden was given a US patent for a two-stroke car engine. This patent has a negative impact on the development of the car industry in the US. A spectacular breakthrough was carried out by Berta Benz in 1888. Steam, electricity, and gasoline engines competed for decades, with gasoline combustion engines gaining dominance in the 1910s.

Large-scale production lines of car manufacturing at affordable prices were carried out by Oldsmobil in 1902, and then developed by Henry Ford in the 1910s. In the period from 1900 to the mid-1920s the development of automotive technology was very fast, due to the large number (hundreds) of small car makers who all competed to grab the world's attention.

Major developments included electronic ignition and electronic self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Car Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-tire brakes.

Decade of 1900
In the early 20th century, simple cars that had been created began to undergo evolution. When it was first introduced, the car at that time had not used the steering wheel as we know it today.

Before 1900, the car's steering wheel was only half circle. Some even use a kind of stick to move the front wheel to the right and left. After 1900, the steering wheel began to be used and indeed made it easier for the car to move.

Henry Ford's first car

The speed of the car has also begun to increase. Can reach 15-20 km / hour. It's faster than the speed of people walking around 6 km / hour. That's why the state of Alabama, United States, limits the maximum speed of the car at that time to only 12 km / hour.

In this era Ford began to introduce the phenomenal Model T. Thanks to the help of the engine, the process of making this car sped from 7.5 units / hour to 146 units / hour.

In 1913 the first hybrid engine was born in the world. Is Ferdinand Porsche who invented a hybrid engine that was named Lohne-Porsche Mixte Hybrid. The age of Porsche when he discovered this machine was only 18 years old.

Decade of 1920
In this decade, cars have begun to become part of human life. In fact it has become an industry that continues to grow along with the emergence of new inventions related to cars.

The Duesenberg car in 1920

In the United States even many industries have sprung up that create cars from small scale to large scale. However, it seems that only those with large capital can survive. Of the 253 vehicle industries in 1908, the number only remained 44 in 1929. Of that amount, 80 percent of the market was controlled by Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler. In this decade, car radio was introduced. So that the car owner no longer feels lonely when driving alone.


The Ford Model T is one of the first affordable cars for consumers (1927).

In the 1930s, most technologies in automotive were created, although they were often recreated later and given credit to others. For example, the front-wheel drive was recreated by Andre Citroën during the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, even though this technology had appeared several years earlier in cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and probably appeared as early as 1897 )

After 1930, the number of car manufacturers declined drastically with the industry joining each other and maturing. Since 1960, the number of producers has almost remained, and innovation has diminished. In many ways, new technology is only an improvement over previous technology. With the exception of the invention of engine management, which entered the market in the 1960s, when electronic goods became cheap enough for mass production and strong enough to handle the rough environment in cars. Developed by Bosch, this electronic device can reduce car exhaust drastically while increasing efficiency and power.

Decade of 1940
In the mid-20th century, the condition of the world was hit by war. The automotive industry was affected. They became the focus of creating vehicles that could benefit on the battlefield.

Military Jeep in the 1940s

One of the most important inventions in this decade is a vehicle with a four-wheel drive (four wheel drive). This vehicle is very suitable for use in battlefields that have uneven ground conditions. This military vehicle has a fairly high speed despite having to explore contoured areas up and down. Today, people know him as the Jeep.

Decade of 1950
After world war was over, automotive manufacturers could again develop the technology they had at that time. The engine with injection technology appeared in January 1951. The first car to use this injesi engine was the Gutbrod Superior and Goliath GP 700 E sports coupe. Both of these cars were officially marketed to the public and received quite a positive response.

Goliath GP 700 E

Beginning in 1956, new technology was discovered again. This time a prototype of a catalytic converter was started. This is the impact of public anxiety at that time on the amount of carbon dioxide which continues to increase as the growth in the number of vehicles is increasing.

However, the technology by Eugene Houdry was still limited to testing and applied to gasoline engines. But, this idea is arguably far ahead of the technology that developed at that time.

Decade of 1960
The history of cars enters a more advanced era. Cars have become increasingly popular with more compact and functional designs.

1960 VW Beetle
This can not be separated from the influence of the presence of a VW Beetle that has an unusual design and is ordained as a people's car. The VW Beetle inspired the emergence of the Corolla, Civic, and Focus series which are pioneer cars with a simpler and less large design. Since then, car manufacturers have begun competing to create more simple vehicles.

Decade of 1970
The safety side of passengers in vehicles was introduced in this decade. Starting with the emergence of airbag technology in 1974. Coupled with a seat belt that can help passengers avoid severe injury when experiencing an accident.

Wagon 1970

This can not be separated from the speed of the car that continues to grow high. The machines used have greater capacity which has an impact with a higher maximum speed.

It was proven in 1970, a special engine vehicle capable of racing up to 1,000 km / hour. The vehicle named "Blue Flame" was consecrated as the fastest vehicle on earth during a test in Padang Garam Bonneville, Utah, United States.

Decades 1980 and 1990
After the United States had ruled the world automotive a few decades, starting in 1980, there were heavy competitors. Japan which was devastated by the war has started to rise again. Japanese brands like Honda and Toyota have even been able to penetrate the United States market. Japanese manufacturers offer different vehicles from Uncle Sam's country products, so that they attract the interest of the people there.

The Toyota Prius 1997

The technology developed was able to compete with US and European production cars. Like when Toyota for the first time introduced the phenomenal Toyota Prius in 1997. The Toyota Prius became the first hybrid car in the world. This car is the inspiration for future technology cars produced decades later.

Decade of 2000
The history of cars continues to develop positively in the second millennium. A number of the latest technologies have emerged. Everything aims to create a vehicle that is more efficient and environmentally friendly.

Honda FCX Clarity 2007

The desire to create environmentally friendly vehicles seen when Peugeot was able to make the government and automotive manufacturers in Europe began to use filters in car engines. The use of this filter eventually became a necessity for all European-produced cars for the health of its users. Honda did not want to lose. In 2007 the Japanese manufacturer began producing environmentally friendly hydrogen-fueled cars. This Honda production car is named FCX Clarity.

Future
Fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly engines are the focus of every automotive manufacturer in the world. Although it is still limited to the scale of the prototype, manufacturers show their seriousness about the impact of the increasing amount of CO2 on the face of the earth. As VW showed up when introducing their fuel-efficient vehicle prototype in March 2013. At that time, VW showed that their cars that were able to travel 100 km were enough with 1 liter of gasoline.

In the world of Formula 1 racing vehicles are also being introduced by using battery power. The FIA as the world car racing authority has started holding this electric car racing event in 2014. The plan is that in 2018 formula car racing will begin with electric-powered engines.

The most advanced technology today is developed by Tesla. This manufacturer created an autonomous car like an airplane in autopilot mode. Although a lot of criticism, but the public interest in this autonomous car turned out to be quite large.


Ferrari cars


Future car
Closing 
Such is the history of the car for more than a century. It all began with a small discovery that continued to be developed to finally create a car that could be useful for human life.

Certainly the latest technologies and findings will emerge in the world of automotive. Everything aims to make human life easier and of course without forgetting a clean, safe, orderly and healthy environment.


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