SEA SHIP TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

SEA SHIP TECHNOLOGY: HISTORY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

Ships are transportation that moves on the sea. This transportation tool has been used since ancient times, when our ancestors roamed down the river using rafts. Although fairly old, the development of marine technology is still ongoing. Understandably, two thirds of the earth's area is water. So, transportation equipment that can navigate the waters is needed.

 

In modern times, ships have become increasingly sophisticated. Ships are equipped with high-powered engines so they can travel quickly. The design was made so luxurious and majestic, equipped with facilities that spoiled its passengers. But do you know how ships can develop from a raft in ancient times to modern means of transportation like today? The level of development of an increasingly advanced ship that makes the ship which was originally only simple, has now turned into a more complex form.

HISTORY

Literature explains the boat that was known to have first appeared in the Neolithic era, approximately 10,000 years ago. These early ships have limited functions, they can move on water.

The ship is mainly used for hunting and fishing. The oldest canoe found by archaeologists is often made from coniferous tree trunks, using simple stone tools.

In order not to get lost, in the past the ship sailed not far from the continent or land. In accordance with the development, finally the crew used the star as a navigation aid with a tool in the form of a compass and astrolabe map.

The discovery of hourglass by Arabs helped support navigation coupled with the discovery of clocks by John Harrison in the 17th century. In addition, the discovery of the telegraph by S. F. Morse and radio by C. Marconi, especially the use of radar and sonar found in the 20th century seemed to influence the role of the navigator.

Towards the end of the 20th century, navigation was made easier by GPS technology, which was more modern with the help of satellites.

Around 3,000 BC, Ancient Egyptians learned how to assemble wooden boards into the hull of the ship. They use straps to close the board.

Reeds and grass between the boards help strengthen. Greek historians and geographers, Agatharchides has documented piracy of ships among the early Egyptians during the prosperous Kingdom of the Kingdom between the 30th and 25th centuries BC.

In the 14th century to the 18th century, navigation technology was still primitive. The absence of this technology does not prevent some civilizations from becoming rulers of the sea. Examples include the Genoa and Venetian maritime republics, the Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. Meanwhile, the Vikings used their knarrs to explore North America, trade on the Baltic Sea and plunder many coastal areas of Western Europe.

During the first half of the 18th century, the French Navy began developing a new type of ship known as a line ship, which featured seventy-four weapons. This type of ship is the backbone of all European fleets.

These vessels are 56 meters (184 feet) in length and the building requires 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometers (25 mi) of rope. They brought about 800 sailors and soldiers. Then in the 19th century, sailing ships were very fast emerging and steamship technology that had good fuel efficiency and the opening of the Suez and the Panama Canals.

The design of the ship remained unchanged until the end of the 19th bad. The industrial revolution, the new mechanical driving method, and the ability to make ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design.

Factors that trigger the evolution of the ship include the need for more efficient vessels, the end of long-running maritime conflicts and increasing financial capacity of industrial forces to create more specialized vessels. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as fire, rescue, and research, also began to emerge.

DEVELOPMENT OF SEA SHIP

As the development of the ship's era also experienced developments which were then differentiated into several types of ships

1. Canoe Ship

  

Kano is the ancestor of a ship. This first generation of ships is still very simple. Early humans used canoes or rafts to cross rivers or lakes. Canoes are usually made from tree trunks.

2. Sailing boat

The sailing boat is a large ship that moves by using a screen that utilizes wind power as its driver. Shipbuilding is generally made of wood and has long been used as a backbone of shipping both civilian and military until the discovery of steam engines and iron / steel vessels in the 19th century along with the hectic Industrial Revolution pioneered by Britain through the discovery of steam engines by James Watt. This sailing boat will be high-speed if the angina is blowing faster. But if there is a storm, the screen of the ship may be torn because it is not strong enough to withstand the strength of the wind. At first, the sailing boat was driven by human power and the screen.

Models of this type of ship can be seen on viking ships, Ancient Egyptian ships, Ancient Roman ships, and ships used by island explorers or pirate ships (Pirate). Nowadays, generally sailing vessels are equipped with outboard engines to deal with the possibility of not blowing wind in certain areas to continue their journey. Along with the development, it is used as a sailing ship found in Indonesia. The ship uses a triangular screen as found in the Middle East and a rectangular sailing boat used by Europeans before entering the exploration century, as well as folding sailing vessels with models found. in Japan or China.

Traditional Egyptian sailing ships were built around 3500 BC in the era of the Old Kingdom. This ship is used to sail the Nile. Egyptian boats are the pioneers of today's modern ships. This boat has a frame made of wood and can carry up to 20 passengers. According to historical records, the Egyptians were the nation that first used the ship as a tool for commerce around 6000 BC. At that time Egypt traded its wheat into Lebanon which produced textiles for clothing. Made from a kind of pine tree wood, using screen power as well as several paddlers. This type of ship at that time sailed very fast and easier than ordinary sailing ships. On both sides of the ship, there was a row of seats for the oarsmen. The Punis were known to be very brave to sail to other countries so that trade was very crowded and also the spread of knowledge.

 

The Phoenix nation, besides being able to build a merchant ship, was also able to make a Phoenix Boat warship (2000 BC). Phoenix-made ships are driven by screens and oars. With this ship, they were able to sail across England to Africa.

Roman Boat (5 M). A Roman boat known as Gallium (England: Galleon) has a large size with a large screen as well. Roman galleries also roared with the help of hundreds of paddlers to increase speed when fighting.

Viking Boat (800 AD). The Vikings are known as tough sailors. The boat used by this nation is called the Longship. This ship is made of strong wood with 12 signs from each side, 70 feet (21 meters) long and almost 17 feet (5.1 meters) long along its central middle frame. This ship carries 30 paddlers and one screen mounted on one of the poles. The ship that was quite good at that time. When this ship was discovered around 1904, it was found a Viking queen skeleton in it, but this fact is not surprising considering the Vikings were known to always perform magnificent and luxurious burial ceremonies for their fighters in the ocean.

 

Traditional Chinese sailing boat named Junk. Junk began to be developed during the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) and was used in the early 2nd century AD. As the dynasty changed in China, Junk ships often traveled around Asia. Junk uses, among others, as inter-island passenger ships, freighters, royal private ships, and warships. Until now, Junk is still widely used by some Chinese people, especially in Hong Kong. The Junk ship that had stopped in Indonesia was Admiral Cheng Ho's Junk. Admiral Cheng Ho's ship is believed to have visited about 30 countries in the continents of Asia and Africa, one of which is Indonesia. Even more astonishing, the size of Admiral Cheng Ho's ship was far greater than Columbus's Santa Maria ship. While the Yung boat (around 800 AD) has two screens, one of which is large and the other is small. This boat is very agile because the size is not too big.

 

Caravelle (14th Century). Caravelle is a sailing ship developed by the Spanish and Portuguese. This ship is able to explore the world, Even Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas by boarding this ship. Spain and Portugal are countries that are able to create ships including the three most famous ships in history are ships that transported Columbus Columbus into a new world in 1492 namely Santa Maria, Ninna, Pinta.

It is believed that Santa Maria is a 100-ton careveler. This cruiser originally had two main masts supported by latten poles or masts. Santa Maria was the main ship of Columbus. The ship is believed to be a careval of three-masted sailing in the sea that is 95 feet (30 meters) long, which is bigger than the ships that were at that time. On August 3, 1942, Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta departed. from Palos.

Columbus sought a new route to Asia, but instead he discovered a new world. And landed on October 12, which at that time was given the name Bahamas.

Sailboats (Ages 16 to 18). Many countries in Europe build ships with large screens like this. Admiral Nelson from England used this type of ship, namely HMS Victory in Trafalgar sea battles between England and France. As for sailing ships used for war. Warships on the beginning use screens and rowers. This warship is very simple and the battle uses swords and spears at close range. In addition, the ship is equipped with a battering device mounted on the bow of the ship.

So, the ship, with the power of the rower crashed on the opponent's ship so that it leaked and sank. This ship became known as Galley. Besides Galley, at that time, the Scandinavian Vikings used a ship known as the "Viking Longship". In addition to using battering ram on the bow of a ship, on certain ships using flamethrowers, which were known to be known as "Greek flames", and during the war between Roman-Carthage, Roman ships were equipped with bridges called Corvus.

Clipper (19th Century). The Clipper is a typical American sailing ship in the mid-19th century. The Clipper is famous for being able to travel quickly in the sea because it has many screens.

In subsequent developments, ships were equipped with buildings in rather high places as archers, which in later developments became known as bridges or platforms, which later functioned as command centers. In addition to bridges, the ship is also equipped with a castle or a kind of fort on the bow and stern of the ship. The aim is so that the opponent's archers cannot paralyze the ship from the bow of the ship or the stern of the ship. From this concept, the ship is then thickened and strengthened. This concept was implemented beginning with the Royal Navy in the Northern Europe region.

3. Steamers

After sailboat development grew and the need for faster sailing began to be felt, steamers became the prima donna of new transportation. Steamers, also known as a steamer, are steam-driven vessels that drive a propeller or paddle wheel. Steamers began to be used after the discovery of a steam engine in England by James Watt which gave rise to an industrial revolution which was also a fuel revolution because at that time coal began to be used on a wider scale to replace firewood. The way the steam engine works on the ship is by relying on a steam engine that drives the paddle wheel in the stern. The movement of the wheel causes the ship to be pushed even faster.

Claude de Juffroy (1751–1832) modeled the world's first steam ship. In 1774, he and his colleagues demonstrated the Palmipede artificial boat that crossed the Doubs River before Napoleon Bonaparte. Palmipede's demonstration was a success.

Over time, steam engines were developed for war purposes. The shipyard in Toulon, France, made a phenomenal warship in the history of shipping. Le Napoleon (The Napoleon) is the first warship in the world to use a steam engine as its main driver besides the screen. Since its launch in 1850, Le Napoleon has represented 9 names of warships in the French Navy. The success of Le Napoleon was finally emulated by shipyards in European countries.

Ironclad is a steam-powered warship that was developed in the 19th century. The ship is covered with thick iron plates. The first ironclad was La Gloire from the French Navy on November 1859. Entering the 20th century, the world navy realized that they needed a new warship. Ironclad is considered outdated. In 1906, the innovation was born from the Angakat of the British Sea. HMS Dreadnought marks the world warship revolution. Its appearance is a sign of the development of shipping technology has been very advanced. Admiral Sir John "Jackie" Fisher was given the title "Father of Dreadnought". Dreadnought became the first warship to have the main canon batteries of its time. It is also the first warship to use a steam turbine engine, making Dreadnought the fastest ship of its time.

4. Diesel Ship

In 1892, Rudolf Diesel obtained a patent for his creation, a diesel engine. Several years later, diesel engines began to spread to the world of shipping. The Russian tanker Vandal marks the birth of a new era in the shipping industry. Vandals are the first marine vessels to use diesel engines as their main driver. The first journey of the Vandals began in Volga-Baltic waters and diesel engines used for shipbuilding became a new trend in the shipping industry. In the 1920s, USS Tennessee became the first ship to use an electric turbine engine. The electric turbine engine will be used later as the main engine in shipbuilding. Almost all steam-powered warships are immediately eliminated, and replaced with diesel-engined vessels that have many advantages.

In 1930, three combat ships were born in class pocket battleship from the German shipyard. As information, pocket battleship is a type of battleship that has a weight not exceeding the standard battleship tonnage (around 40,000 tons).

Usually, pocket battleship has a light weight, there are under 10,000 tons but there are also the right ones or even the advantages, although a little. Pocket battleship became a strategy for the German ship industry to continue to make its combat fleet. The three pocket battleship ships are Admiral Graf Spee, Deutchland, and Admiral Scheer.

Ships in the future are increasingly modern. Modern ships that will be used in the future are aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered submarines, hovercraft, hydrofoil and jetfoil.

5. Submarines

The history of submarine design began in 1578 by a mathematician named William Bourne. He designed a ship that was covered by waterproof leather, but it could not be realized. Then in 1620, a German citizen named Cornelis Drebbel, made a ship that managed to dive 360 ​​to 450 cm deep by 12 people. An Italian priest named Giovanni Alfonso Borelli in 1680 also designed a submarine that was driven by paddles and used float bags from goat skin. But the design remained on paper, and it was only realized when the Englishman, Nethaniel Symons copied it in 1747 and tested his boat on River Themes. This ship is able to survive in the water for 45 minutes. Simple submarines without paddles and more advanced equipment were started by David Bushnell in 1775. The submarine he created was shaped like an egg, made of wood. Submarines with nonhuman movers were started by Robert Fulton. He used a steam engine to run his ship and to make it easier for the ship to glide forward, it was made in the shape of a cigar. This cigar ship carries 2 crew members and has been able to dive for several hours. In 1954, the United States Navy made a new history by launching the first nuclear-powered submarine called Nautilus. Nautilus became the first submarine to successfully cross the North Pole in 1958. Another achievement was carved by the Triton submarine which successfully sailed the entire ocean in the world in 1960. The ship was able to cross a distance of 66,970 km in 84 days. Not only that, in 1960 the US also began to equip their submarines with intercontinental missiles that could pass 1,930 km and destroy the intended target.

In 1775, David Bushnell made a submarine named Turtle or Turtle. In 1799 Robert Fulton made a submarine measuring 7.4 m and shaped like a modern submarine. This ship was able to dive for 6 hours and bring four crew members in it. In 1850, Wilhelm Bauer produced a submarine called the Brandtaucher (Fire Diver) and in 1855 produced a 52-foot Seateufel (Sea Devil) submarine for Russian imperial sea troops. In 1886 a Spanish-made submarine that used two 30 horsepower electric motors was launched. Furthermore, France launched Gymnote (Eel) in April 1887. In February 1896 the French Ministry of the Sea held a match to make submarines weighing 200 tons. Maxime Laubeuf, a Frenchman managed to defeat 20 participants from around the world with the Narval submarine.

Firma Krupps from Germany made 1 small submarine for Russia in 1902-1903. After that, Russia added 3 more submarines. Karp submarines have kerosene engines that are better than petrol engines but produce thick smoke. In 1906, the Germans began using diesel-engined submarines to move on the surface of the water. More advanced submarines were owned by the US Navy in 1900. Its creator, John PG Holland and his ship, named Holland, which was 1,590 cm long, was run by gasoline and electric power. Because it is part of military equipment, this ship is equipped with weapons, including torpedoes.

Navigation

The main parts of the ship. 1: Smokestack or Chimney; 2: stern; 3: Propeller and Steering; 4: Portside (right side known as starboard); 5: Anchor; 6: Bulbous bow; 7: bow; 8: Deck; 9: Pavilion

To determine direction, in the past the ship sailed not far from the continent or land. However, according to the developments, the crew used stars as a navigation aid with tools such as compasses and astrolabe and maps. The discovery of hourglass by Arabs also helped navigation coupled with the discovery of clocks by John Harrison in the 17th century. The invention of the telegraph by S. F. Morse and radio by C. Marconi, moreover the use of radar and sonar found in the 20th century made the role of the navigator somewhat displaced. The unit of ship speed is calculated by knots where 1 knot = 1.85200 km / hour.

Towards the end of the 20th century, navigation was greatly facilitated by GPS, which has very high accuracy with the help of satellites. In addition, a very modern communication system also supports navigation with several types of equipment such as Harp radar type allowing navigators to see directly. state of sea conditions. This radar harp is a modern radar that can detect the distance between ships and land ships, ships with dangerous areas, ship speed, wind speed, and has clear image accuracy. Apart from that there is another GMDSS system (Global Maritime Distress safety system) A system of global shipping safety. If a ship is in a dangerous condition this system will emit hazardous news that contains the position of the ship, the name of the ship, the type of distress, it is automatically, fast, precise, accurate. For other communication systems there is INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite). A news delivery system using E-Mail, Telephone, Telex, or Faximile.

Types of ships

Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are many criteria that form the basis of classification in existing systems such as:

Based on the driving force

⁻ Human powered boats (oarsmen)

⁻ Sailing boat

⁻ Steamers

⁻ Diesel ships or motorized boats

⁻ Nuclear ships

Based on the type of shipping

⁻ Surface ships

⁻ Submarines

⁻ Floating ship

⁻ Air cushion

Based on its function

⁻ Warships

⁻ Passenger ships

⁻ Ship goods

⁻ Tankers

⁻ Ferry

⁻ Icebreaker ship

⁻ Tugboat

⁻ Guide ships

⁻ Barge

⁻ Tender ship

⁻ Ro-Ro ship

⁻ Freezing cold ship

⁻ Dredgers

⁻ Container ships / container ships

⁻ Tiger trawlers

Reference:

• https://techno.okezone.com/read/2018/03/01/56/1866613/sejarah-teknologi-kapal-laut-sejak-10-ribu-tahun-lalu
• https://www.slideshare.net/army014/tugas-makalah-konsep-teknologi-perkembangan-teknologi-kapal-laut-dari-zaman-ke-zaman?from_action=save
• http://www.pemudamaritim.com/2015/01/perkembangan-kapal-laut-dari-masa-ke.html
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• http://ekofran.blogspot.com/