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Kamis, 14 Februari 2019

THE HISTORY OF MINING


THE HISTORY OF MINING

Mining contributions have played a large role in the development of civilization, more than usually recognized by the average citizen. In fact, mineral industry products cover the lives of all members of our industrial society. The development of mining technology is chronologically related to the history of civilization. In fact, as one of the earliest human endeavors, mining and development are closely related to cultural progress.

The phrase if it can be grown, it must be mined, has a deep understanding of the importance of this industry for human civilization. Mining materials were used by historians as names of markers of the progress of civilization that began in the stone age (before 4000 BC), bronze age (4000 BC - 1500 BC), iron age (1500 BC - 1780 BC), steel age (1780-1945) to the present in the nuclear age (1945 — present).

Mining began with Paleolithic people, perhaps 300,000 years ago, namely in the Stone Age, when stones were sought and implemented for agricultural and construction purposes. ancient primitive miners, first raw stone material extracted from a deposit on the surface, then at the beginning of New Stone (c. 40,000 BC), they began underground mining. Although there are no records, human fossils and artifacts strengthen the initial evidence of mining throughout the world.

The history of mining began as early as 8,000 years ago in the Middle East with the discovery of the use of copper in Turkey - even though mining and processing has increasingly spread over 6000 years ago. The oldest recorded mine was 43,000 years ago based on radiocarbon dating in Lion Cave, Swazilan. In the Paleolithic era, humans had mined hematite (Fe3O4¬) to make red pigments. Stone mining thought to have originated from the same age was also found in Hungary by Neanderthals for weapons and living equipment. Traces of mining by ancient humans can also be traced in the Neolithic era through the Grime’s Graves rock mine in England operating from 3000 to 1900 BC and Krzemionki in Poland operating from 3900-1600 BC.

Metal mining, especially gold, began to be carried out around 4,000 years ago by underground mining methods. The Greek historian Agatharcides, about 200 years old, wrote a description of the mining system in Egypt. Nubia gold mining became the most productive gold mining during Ancient Egypt. Besides gold, ancient Egyptians have also mined malachite for ornaments and pottery. Up to approximately 2613-2494 BC, ancient Egyptians had been exploring and mining in the areas of Wadei Maghareh, Wadi Hamamat, Aswan, and especially Tura around the Sinai Peninsula.

Mining is one of the oldest human activities that plays an important role in human civilization. Georg Agricola (1556) a person known as the "father of mineralogy" states that underground mining was first known in several locations in Europe such as Norfolk, UK and Spiennes (Belgium) since the Neolithic Period (3,500 - 2,000 BC).

In the Bronze Age (2000 - 600 BC) mining activities were increasingly developed in an organized manner, mainly mining copper and tin. The momentum of the development of the mining industry itself began during the Industrial Revolution which significantly increased the need for mining materials which were industrial raw materials.

Agricola, 1556 (De Re Metallica)

The long history of world mining cannot be separated from the history of mining carried out by Europeans, especially Roman and Greek civilizations. The ancient Greeks had mined silver at the Laurium mine, in southern Greece in 11 years BC to support the ancient country of Athens by employing around 20,000 slaves. The technology used at that time was identical to the technology used by their predecessors in the Bronze Age. In fact, marble quarries operating in the 7th century BC were also found by on Thassos Island operated by residents of Paros.

The Romans also began gold mining activities on Pangeo Mountain which operated in 357 BC under the rule of Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. This mine is capable of producing 26 tons of gold every year. Furthermore, the Romans continued to develop various mining systems in various commodities to support daily life to the needs of the war nation. Mining in America by Indian tribes has also been carried out since 5,000 years around Lake Superior, Minnesota, with the discovery of many copper equipment and remaining trade artifacts, such as obsidian, stone, copper, and other minerals.

The Mycenaeans followed by this cycle of Phoenicians broke out and became rich, exchanging mineral goods. These traders / prospectors sought deposits of silver, tin, tin, copper, and gold, taking it by barter valuers rather than conquests. by 1200 BC They trade routes of the Mediterranean sea throughout the work, obtaining tin and silver from Spain, copper from Cyprus, and tin from Cornwall.

By 100 BC trade routes between China and the West, especially for silk and spices, were well established. Travel through many countries and disseminated knowledge from "seric" iron (steel) and metallurgical technology to a known world. With 620, during the T'ang Dynasty, China has become the most advanced society in the world of culture and technology. The fact that mining technology has never been fully developed in China might be attributed to Guatarma (563-483 BC), who taught that "suffering is caused by the desire for what is not," so that government policies hamper and encourage mining turns.

Discovery of copper in Cyprus c. 2700 BC resulted in the manufacture of tools, weapons, and household appliances made of metal and turned the island into an important trading center. Wealth poured into the island allows for the luxury of artistic and religious development.

Working at the mine by Greeks and Romans, was first carried out by slaves, whether prisoners of war, criminals, or political prisoners. Easy deposits are exploited eventually fatigue and the mining economy demands mining skills. As a result, starting with Hadrian's government (AD 138), the Roman Empire began to recognize the degree of individual ownership and mining permitted by freedmen in increasing numbers. There was a gradual increase in mining technology through the replacement of the Roman Empire accompanied by tat slaves by skilled craftsmen, although villeinage was still practiced.

One of the legacies of most of the results of Phoenician trade was to create a system in which power and prosperity could then be measured in terms of actual, wealth exchange. In this case gold, capacity and silver throughout history have been universally accepted coins. So the humiliation of Roman dinar resulted in loss of credibility as a standard of exchange, contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire, and at the end of the 6th century, Latin West returned to an agrarian economy and abandoned currency and trade. The center of culture and technology shifted to the Byzantine and Islamic empires.

Entering modern times, mining is actively carried out throughout the world. Gold and silver remain the main commodities for miners. In the early colonial period in the Americas, the Spanish nation had mined in Central America, especially Mexico and South America, such as in Peru and Colombia. Mining has even been carried out since the pre-Columbian period in the Cerillos mining district, New Mexico in 700 using stone equipment based on radioactive dating on turquoise. The development of the mine rapidly grew at the beginning of the 19th century or after the mining law (General Mining Act of 1872) was issued by the federal government to encourage mining activities in all federal lands. This then led to the events of the Californian Gold Rush in the western United States in the mid-19th century so that many new mining cities grew, such as Denver and Sacramento. Likewise, massive developments in other mines in other parts of the world also occur.

Charlemagne (768-814) recognized the need for metal and began mining tin, silver and gold in Rothansberg, Kremnitz, and Schemnitz by enslaved captives. He also reformed the currency of the Holy Roman Empire which led to the formation of new sweets during the 10th century. As Charlemagne's empire gave way to more local kingdoms, the demand for precious metals was created which aroused the spirit of the company and built up interest in the development and use of metals. Europeans saw the birth (or rebirth) of a tradition originally brought about by the Celtic nomadic mining expertise. this birth was marked as "bergbaufreihet," or the rights of free miners, where poor slaves could become their own masters simply by marking their own mining claims and registering limits after making discoveries-subject to tribute or royalties paid to the owners of the royal land. So miners who stop being slaves and become free people. In 1185, Bishop Trent began an agreement in which miners were invited to explore and mine the northern region of Italy as a free person with the right of discovery. In 1209 various princes in the German empire were given the same rights as the miners. Edward II of England in 1288, ordered to commemorate the ancient habits and practices of miners in his country. So ownership rights based on inventions by a free miner form the basis of mining laws carried out by individual miners throughout Europe, then to America, Australia and South Africa.

As underground mining is extended, free miners are found they cannot do much by themselves, and thus form partnerships. As businesses grow, more men are needed and self-government birth associations whose ownership and financial shares are supported by donations are recorded in a "book-cost." Cost-book organizations form a model for company organizations before the practice of issuing shares. Initially, production was shared between shareholders, but as treatment and marketing became more complex, the sale became centralized. When profits are made, it is divided between "adventurers," but when the losses experienced by adventurers are asked to contribute in proportion to their ownership or risk of loss of their ownership. Rarely is money set aside as a reserve, and consequently, a decrease in the price of metals or general classes results in the closure of the mine.

Growing demands for capital are forced to seek outside capital and gradually operators lose control of investors. Miners become contract workers. The union, originally organized by miners for charity and insurance, assumed the purpose of industrial aggression.

During the Revolution the developing mining technology industry was underground mining, mainly related to the limited capacity of the equipment so that the excavation was focused on ore vein. For example pumps and wind machines (fan) are developed to remove water from the mine and put clean air into the mine. New open-pit mining has developed rapidly after machinery technology has been able to make digging and transporting equipment with large capacity.

During the 18th century, iron metallurgy made great strides and made it possible for the Industrial Revolution in England. The village of craftsmen developed into the factory system and the "Friendly Societies" law took on the functions of trade unions after 1825. When public financing in the UK was made possible despite the enactment of the Limited Liability Company Act 1855-1862, British capitalists came to the forefront of financing mineral development throughout world. Goldsmiths assumed banking functions and issued printed receipts (or notes) to each carrier - the precursor of this paper currency. Driven by the availability of energy resources and available, other similar industrial revolutions in the country (France, the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Canada, Taiwan and Korea) turned into an industrial economy.

The age of the machine, introduced by the late 18th century Industrial Revolution, also required minerals as raw material and as an energy source. The power industry thus becomes a measure of political and military power, and achieved mineral resource exploration extended to almost all parts of the world. the nation's economy tergantung is interdependent. In an effort to control the massive international flows of mineral resources, commercial and political actions that have been tried: monopolies, cartels, tariffs, subsidies and quotas, to name a few. The end result is that political and commercial control of mineral resources and their distribution play a major role both in the maintenance and destruction of world peace (Leith et al., 1943).

Because the latter part of the 19th century, Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, West Germany, and France had mainly developed mineral resources in the world. These countries have been equipped with the necessary knowledge, technology and capital and have been provided by the market. With the final peace settlement after World War I, Germany lost 68% of its territory, all gold, silver and mercury deposits, 80% of coal mines and iron production capacity, and signed periods of depression and hunger. The German economy managed to recover with imported ore and a high level of technical skills and efficient labor. The year depression from the 1930s resulted in economic nationalism and protective tariffs, and many effective markets were closed. Because Germany and Japan are both dependent on international trade, their standard of living has deteriorated, and hunger, bitterness, and hatred are burning. The Nazis came to power in Germany with promises of work, food, and prestige, rearmament began in 1933, and Japan followed shortly thereafter, leading the world into World War II (Lovering, 1943).

Local mineral wealth throughout development and social history has made the first one a rich and powerful nation, then another. The Phoenicians established trade throughout the world and gained great wealth by developing and exchanging minerals for all kinds of goods. Athens financed the ancient war and the "Golden Age" with silver from Laurium, Alexander funded the initial conquest with gold from Macedonia, Rome expanded their Empire to get silver from Carthage and Spanish copper, and the Catholic crown of Spain became a world of power by old exploitation and silver from the World New. During the Middle Ages, Germany became the center of lead, zinc and silver production and a leader in mining technology. Britain moved to the forefront during the 19th century Industrial Revolution and successively the world's leading producers of tin, copper, tin, and later coal. Supported by resources from a large empire, Britain became rich nation in the world. Greater resources from the United States are then supported in advance to become the richest nation, however, the future has overshadowed. Most high-quality Greek, German and British mines have run out, and the United States is rapidly becoming dependent on the import and preservation of peaceful world trade. Near Eastern countries have experienced a rapid increase in large wealth based on petroleum resources. This has been important in technological developments, but historically has a short duration. new discoveries of high-grade metal deposits are very possible in the Soviet Union and China, but are less likely in the United States.

Until now, various mining activities are carried out throughout the world with more advanced and effective mining technology in its extraction. Mining activities continue through a long history to support human civilization. Human civilization is characterized by advances in the ability of humans to use mining commodities to fulfill their needs. The modern life that humans can feel at present with the presence of cellphones, trains, skyscrapers, X-ray radiation, jewelry, nails, glass, laptops, and others will not be possible without mining. Since the industrial revolution, humans have the ability to produce more and more products with increasingly good quality to drive modern human life by utilizing various mining goods found throughout the world.






In the past, metal somewhere could only be used in that place. This is due to the high cost of transportation, weak communication tools, and the inability of a company to invest it abroad. But globalization has changed everything, easy telephone networks, adequate transport vessels so they can be sold globally. In addition, technology simplifies the mining process (exploitation, loading, loading, transporting) with more production.

In the future (including the present), exploration technology has become increasingly sophisticated. Even before mining has been carried out, there is already an ore body, mineralogy, size, and exact values ​​known only in the form of 3D geological images. Not only exploration, the exploitation stage with sophisticated tools with efficient energy and better and faster metallurgical processes. Is this the future of mining?

The higher the market demand, the greater the supply. This also affects the greater stripping of land and destruction of nature or animal habitat in the mining area. Therefore it is necessary to have strict supervision in the present for the sake of the future of our children and grandchildren, then be wise. Because we can't stop technology, and technological tools need metal (read-mining) materials.




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