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Jumat, 15 Februari 2019

Robot Technology: its History and Development


Robot Technology: its History and Development


The word robot is taken from words derived from the word robota, which means workers, popularized by Isaac Asimov in 1950 in his fictional work. Robots are usually used for heavy duty, danger, repetitive and dirty work. Usually designating industrial robots is used in the production line. Other uses include cleaning up toxic waste, underwater and space exploration, mining, searching and help, and searching for mines. Lately, robots have begun to enter the consumer market in the fields of entertainment, vacuum cleaners and gas leak detectors.

Robots were first developed by Computer Aided Manufacturing-International (CAM-1), "Robots are devices that are capable of performing functions normally performed by humans, or equipment capable of working with intelligence similar to humans". The second definition, developed by Robotics Institute of America (RIA), is a collection of robot makers that focuses more on the real abilities that robots have on their resemblance to humans.

Robots are manipulators that can be programmed, have various functions, which are designed to move goods, components, equipment, or special tools, through various programmed movements for the implementation of various jobs. Basically, robots have many things in common with internal automation, they use similar power devices (such as electricity, hydraulics, or pneumatics) and they are controlled through sequences that have been controlled through the program, which allows the machine to be in the desired position. Such an environment is defined as the environment. In the development of an automated machine, it will be a variety of specifications depending on human activity requirements for industrial automation and robotics.

Robotics is a dynamic field whose development has developed very rapidly. This development besides involving computing, machinery and electronics also involves the development of applied technology. Research in the last field is usually rooted in industry, to solve industrial problems with existing technology. For example is the development of software to get a new algorithm for controlling robots, developing a visual system with a higher resolution system, improving sensor capabilities and developing communication protocols for communication with computers and factory equipment. So robots are incorporated as a combination of mechanical devices and electronic devices that function to replacing high-risk human work, such as work at high temperatures, chemicals, vacuum, and in conditions that are impossible for humans to do. There are also robots as entertainment tools and there are also robots that are tasked to replace jobs that require expertise (accurary), speed and others. There are also robots that work to do routine work such as robots on yarn spinning. In the field of defense security (robotics), robots are used as bomb disposal. Currently robots are developed so they can think for themselves with the logic that has been embedded in the software in the robot.

When the creators of robots first tried to imitate humans and animals, they found that it was very difficult; it requires far more computational power than was available at that time. So, the emphasis on development is changed to other fields of research. Simple wheeled robots are used to conduct experiments in behavior, navigation, and path planning. The navigation technique has developed into a commercially available autnomous robot control system; the latest examples of autonomous navigation control systems available today include a laser-based navigation system and Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) from ActivMedia Robotics and Evolution Robotics. When the technicians are ready to try the robot running again, they start with hexapods and other multi-legged platforms. The robots mimic insects and arthropods in shape and function. The trend towards this type of body offers great flexibility and is proven to be able to adapt to a variety of environments, but the cost of adding mechanical complexity has prevented adoption by consumers. With more than four legs, these robots are statically stable which makes them work easier. The aim of the two-legged robot research is to achieve walking movements using passive-dynamic movements that mimic human movements.

History and Development of Robot
In the beginning, the desire to make robots did not originate from electronic disciplines but from biological disciplines. At that time biological scientists wanted to create creatures that had the characteristics they wanted. But because of the limitations of science and technology at that time, this desire has not yet materialized. At that time, all humans could create were simple mechanical tools that could help everyday life.

The beginning of the emergence of robots can be known from the ancient Greeks who made movable sculptures. Around 270 BC, Ctesibus, a Greek engineer made organs and water clocks with movable components.

In addition to scientists, artists also play a role in the history of the emergence of robots for their imagination and creativity about robots which are written into novels, plays and films.

In the 19th century, robots began to be developed by engineering engineers because of their expertise in the field of mechanics. Once known as control engineering, robots began to be studied by electrical engineering disciplines.

1920
The idea of ​​a robot is not new. Long enough humans dream of a smart mechanic that can replace human tasks. The discovery of toys and automatic equipment which later inspired robots in the form of images, stories and films, became the beginning of the development. The term robot was first used in 1920 by Czech writer Karel Capek (read "Chop'ek") with his work "R.U.R" or Rossum’s Universal Robot where a man makes robots and robots kill their creators. Many later films depict robots as unfriendly tools or as destructive machines that are contrary to the meaning of robots (robota) in Czech language which means forced workers.

1941
In 1941, science fiction writer Isaac Asimov introduced the term robotics in his work entitled "Liar!". Asimov himself did not realize that he was the first to introduce the term. Because science and technology regarding electrical objects is called electronics, he assumes that the term robotics is used for science and technology regarding robots.

Finally it was agreed that robotics is a technology and robot engineering science which includes the design, manufacture, application, and determination of structures, which are closely related to electronics, mechanics, and software.

1956
Along with the development of computing technology and software, robotics also experienced very rapid development. This rapid development began in the early 1950s. In 1948, William Gray Walter made Elmer and Elsie robots, two autonomous robots shaped like turtles. Then, in 1956, George Devol and Joseph Engelberger formed the first robot company in the world. Devol predicts that robots will become an important part of the industry working as factory operators and worker assistants in running factory machinery.


In 1961, General Motors first used robots in the activities of its automotive factories. Then, at the Stanford Research Institute, in 1966 work began on Shakey, a robot that can search for routes and move objects.


Some famous films such as starwar in 1977 by showing C3PO robots and R2D2 instead featured robots as human aides as well as human enemies. The robot in this film looks like a human or the term "Android". After that, in the 1980s when electronics and computers were growing very rapidly, industrial robots were growing and were widely used in factories.

In Japan
Karakuri ningyo, a Japanese term that means mechanical or automata dolls, was found in the 18th and 19th centuries. karakuri means "mechanical equipment for play, entertainment, or giving a surprise", so that it can be said that in karakuri contained magical things or mystery elements, while ningyo means "person and form" (written in two kanji), thus it can be said as a doll or a statue.

Karakuri can be divided into three main types namely:

  1. karakuri (stage karakuri), used for the needs of the theater world
  2. Karakuri Zashiki (karakuri tatami room), is a small caralkuri type and is used as an element of room decoration.
  3. Karakuri dashi (festival car karakuri), used in religious events or festivals, by displaying traditional myths or Japanese legends.


Starting from the creation of a karakuri mechanical doll Yumi-hiki doji (young archer) by Tanaka Hisashige (1799-1881), which was first made at the end of the Edo period (early 1800s), using thread help and a mechanism similar to a timer or timer , assisted by a spring so that it can shoot four arrows at a very expressive target like a human archer in kyudo (archery sport). some of the mechanical movements of karakuri at that time came from simple mechanisms, such as springs, ropes, gears, to the utilization of the burden of mercury (water), water, and sand.


In addition to robots used in work and factories, there are also robots that resemble animals or humans. Such robots are commonly called android, humanoid, and so on. In 1986, Honda began research on humanoid called E0. After years of research, this robot was finally introduced to the public in 2000 under the name ASIMO. Apart from Honda, Sony was not inferior to its AIBO work which was introduced to the market in 1999. AIBO is a robot in the form of a dog that is able to see, walk and interact with its environment.

Asimo
Asimo is a humanoid robot created by the Honda Motor Company. 130 cm tall and weighs 54 kg. It resembles a small astronaut carrying a backpack and can walk on two legs with a speed of 6km / hour. Officially, the name ASIMO is an advanced acronym Step in Innovative Mobility. According to Honda's official statement the name has nothing to do with the name of the science fiction writer, the inventor of Three Laws of Robotics, Isaac Asimov.


During 2007, there were 46 Asimo units. Per unit is made funds close to one million US dollars, and some units can be rented at a cost of 166,000 US dollars per year. Asimo can respond if his name is called, staring at the face of a person who is asking him to speak and recognize the sound of falling objects or collisions and facing the sound. Asimo can recognize a person's face, even though he or the person is moving. ASIMO can recognize about 10 people whose names have been registered and can greet visitors who come and provide information on someone's arrival by transmitting messages and photos of visitors and can guide visitors to a designated place.

Actroid
Actroid is a humanoid display with a human-like appearance that was actually developed by Osaka University and produced by Kokoro Company Ltd. [animated by Sanrio] It was first introduced at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in Tokyo, Japan.


Many products with different versions were created afterwards. Usually this robot is made in such a way that it resembles a young woman of Japanese descent. Actrod is a pioneer example for real machines that resemble Android or gynoid in science fiction. Actroid is able to express like winking, talking and breathing. Actroid skin is made of silicon and looks like real human skin. A total of 47 drive sensors are attached to the upper body part of Actroid so they are able to react naturally like humans.

The Actroid sensory drive sensor can make it react fast enough to do or fend off boxing. But so far the lower body movements are still limited. Actroid can be rented with costumes to greet guests at cafes, information centers, complexes, companies or museums, at a cost of 400,000 yen for 5 days including choreography fees.

Q-Rio
Q-Rio or Quest for Curiosity is the name given by Sony Dream Robot [SDR] on a humanoid robot launched by Sony to follow the success of its predecessor, AIBO. Q-Rio has a height of about 0.6 meters with berate of about 7.3 kilograms Q-RIO is able to recognize faces and sounds to remember someone.


A video on the official Q-RIO website shows the robot is interacting with children, the Q-RIO can run at a speed of 23cm / second AIBO AIBO or an Artificial Intelligence Robot is one of several types of robotic animals designed and made by Sony in 1999 Being able to walk, recognize the surrounding environment and recognize commands by installing special software called AIBO software, AIBO has the ability to 'grow' from the stage of puppies to adult dogs that can recognize 100 voice commands. Without AIBO ware, AIBO can only run clinicmode and can only do simple movements.

This time
Currently the use of robots in heavy industries is rife. Robots as workers in the industry are generally in the form of arms that help with activities in the factory. This arm is controlled by a computer that has been programmed in such a way.

The use of robots in industry is needed because the robot can do the same thing continuously in accordance with the commands given by the operator. Precision repetitive movements are the advantages of robots so that in production, results can be obtained that are fixed and standard.

   
The ability of robots to carry out human movements greatly helps the world of industry such as the automobile industry, welding, assembly, transfer and more. Precision repetitive motion is one of the advantages of robots than humans so that the results of constant and standard production are obtained.



Industrial robots must be programmed to carry out all movement or work steps before they are used. This initial stage can be called assembling or building robot thinking patterns. The workpiece must be placed in a place that is certain and does not change during the process (although now the progress of object recognition has advanced but in practice the workpiece must still be positioned in a fixed place). If the workpiece misses its position the process will be wrong and the robot cannot correct it. Robots cannot see and hear. He can't feel objects and predicts mistakes and robots don't have the ability to adopt new situations that occur around him.

Robots can provide distinct advantages for industrial workers and a country because they can expand humans from saturating and risky jobs. Although on the one hand the use of robots in industry can cause unemployment, on the other hand, the use of robots can also create jobs such as robot technicians, programmers, supervisors, and so on.

The history and development timeline of robots:

-      270 BC Ctesibus, ancient Greek technicians made organs and water clocks with movable images.

-      250 BC - Ctesibius, an ancient Greek engineer and mathematician created an accurate water clock of up to 2000 years.

-      60 M - Hero from Alexandria designed the first automatic programming machine he called Automata. This machine is made of containers which periodically release sand. By using a different pulley configuration, you can transfer the statue to a previously defined track.

-      1818 - Mary Shelley writes "Frankenstein" which tells the story of human creation by Dr. Frankenstein

-      1898 - Nikola Tesla creates the first radio-controlled submersible boat.

-      1921 - the term "Robot" was first used by Karel Capek in his work "Rossum’s Universal Robot"

-      1941 - Isaac Asimov introduces the term "Robotics" in his work "Liar!".

-      1942 - Asimov writes "Runaround", a story of robots that have 3 Laws of Robotics:

  •  Robots must not hurt or hurt humans.
  •  Robots must obey human orders so that robots avoid doing harm to humans.
  • The robot must protect its existence as long as it does not violate the first and second rules.

-      1948 - "Cybernetics", the result of research on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence) published by Norbert Wiener

-      1954 - William Gray Walters makes Elmer and Elsie, two turtle-shaped autonomous robots. This robot uses simple rules to produce complex behavior.

-      1954 - Texas Instruments invents the first transistor silicon.

-      1956 - George Devol patented the first programmable robot called "Unimate".

-      1957 - Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite was launched.

-      1961 - The Unimate robot is first installed in General Motors and used to make molds and welds.

-      1965 - Gordon E. Moore introduces the "Moore's Law" which predicts that the number of components on a chip will double every two years.

-      1966 - The Stanford Research Institute begins the work of "Shakey" robots capable of planning, searching for routes, and moving objects.

-      1969 - The Apollo 11 mission, carrying the first human to the moon, is carried out.

-      1970 - Luna 17 lands on the moon and carries a wandering robot named Lunokhod 1.

-      1971 - Intel introduced the microprocessor which was first marketed, namely 4004.

-      1975 - Viking 1 and 2 are launched with each carrying a smart arm.

-      1976 - Star Wars film was released by introducing R2-D2 and C-3PO robots.

-      1979 - Cart robot (Stan) can pass a room full of chairs without human assistance. This robot has a TV camera near the wheel that will take pictures from several angles where the computer will analyze the distance to each object in front of it.

-      1984 - The Terminator film is released. Arnold Schwarzenegger plays cybernetic organism / cyborg in this film.

-      1986 - Honda starts its first humanoid work called E0 (which will later be known as ASIMO).

-      1988 - SCAMP designs the first animal robot.

-      1989 - Mark Tilden introduces BEAM (Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics, and Mechanics) robotics.

-      1991 - HelpMate, the first autonomous mobile robot used in hospitals.

-      1997 - Sojouner became the first landed traveler on Mars as part of the Pathfinder mission.

-      1998 - Lego enters the robotics market with the first version of Lego Mindstorms.

-      1999 - Sony introduces AIBO, a dog robot that is able to see, walk and interact with its environment. The program was then followed by SDR-3X, a humanoid robot known as QRIO which was introduced a year later.

-      2000 - Honda introduces ASIMO, the first non-prototype release of humanoid robots.

-      2001 - The US Air force tests the MQ-1 Predator, the first unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that can carry two Hellfire missiles.

-      2002 - iRobot introduces Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner.

-      2003 - Osaka University introduced their first "Actroid". Actroid is a term for humanoid robots with human visual characteristics.

-      2004 - DARPA challenges which are sponsored by the US Defense Department are held. This activity challenges creators to design autopilot vehicles for war.

-      2004 - The Mars lands Spirit and Opportunity on Mars land.

-      2010 - NASA and General Motors join forces to develop Robonaut-2, the latest form of NASA humanoid robot in the form of astronauts.

 

Reference:
      www.Sukarobot.com

1 komentar:

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